基于多模态深度学习的眼科疾病发病预测:融合 ERA5 气象数据与 UK Biobank 患者特征
- 第 1 周
- 熟悉 ERA5-Land 数据接口与变量选择(确认 50 个气象特征变量)。
- 搭建多进程下载框架,测试不同并发参数下的下载速度与稳定性。
- 第 2 周
- 批量下载并缓存 ERA5-Land 数据(覆盖 2010–2020 年英国地区)。
- 完成数据格式转换(NetCDF → Zarr/HDF5),并进行时空重采样(0.1° → 20×20×24)。
- 第 3 周
- 收集 UK Biobank 患者特征(424 维),统计缺失值分布。
- 尝试多种填补方法(均值/中位数、MICE、KNN、XGBoost),比较效果。
- 第 4 周
- 确定最终缺失值填补策略(XGBoost)。
- 建立 ERA5 与 UKB 患者数据的对齐方案(空间位置 + 时间窗口)。
- 输出对齐后的多模态训练样本。
- 第 1 周
- 搭建 3D ResNet18 编码器,用于逐日气象立体数据的空间特征提取。
- 实现 TabM 模块,对 UKB 患者表型进行建模。
- 第 2 周
- 实现 Transformer 分支(时序注意力)。
- 实现 AFNO 分支(频域稀疏建模),完成与 Transformer 的特征拼接与融合。
- 第 3 周
- 集成 MoE 模块(Transformer FFN、AFNO FFN、TabM projection、融合层可开关)。
- 完成 Cross-Attention 融合机制,实现双模态交互。
- 第 4 周
- 进行基线训练(toy 数据 + 部分真实样本)。
- 记录多标签分类指标(AUC、F1、Recall、Precision、PR-AUC、Hamming Loss)。
- 调参与优化:batch size、学习率、专家数量(MoE)。
- 第 1 周
- 实现并测试 3D Grad-CAM,输出气象模态的空间关注区域。
- 可视化 Self-Attention Heatmap(365 天的时序权重)。
- 第 2 周
- 实现 MoE 路由记录与聚类,统计不同专家的样本分布。
- 探索 domain-specific 专家(如“冬季患者”、“老年患者”)是否自动分离。
- 第 3 周
- 整合可解释性结果:
- Grad-CAM(空间热点图)
- Attention Map(时间热点图)
- MoE 聚类(样本-专家分布)
- 撰写可解释性分析小结。
- 整合可解释性结果:
- 第 4 周
- 完成整体技术报告撰写(含方法、实验、困难与总结)。
- 整理成果,准备论文初稿框架。
我们结合了两类异质模态的数据:
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气象模态(ERA5-Land)
我们从 ERA5-Land 下载了 50 个气象与环境变量(详见附录,例如 2m 温度、土壤温度层、雪覆盖、降水量、辐射通量、植被指数 等)。- 原始空间分辨率:0.1°(约 10×10 网格覆盖每个城市)。
- 每个像素包含 24 个垂直层(如土壤层、大气层)。
- 数据被统一 resize 为 20×20×24 的体素,每位患者匹配发病前 365 天的数据。
- 我们使用 多进程并行下载加快 ERA5-Land 的数据拉取和处理。
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患者模态(UK Biobank)
我们从 UK Biobank 中提取了 424 项患者特征(包括人口学、生活习惯、临床变量)。
对缺失值,我们采用 XGBoost 预测填补方法,相比均值/众数填充在临床异质数据上表现更好。
每个患者特征通过 发病日期和居住城市与 ERA5 气象数据对齐,实现时空匹配。
任务为 多标签分类:预测 4 种眼科疾病(如青光眼、白内障、AMD、糖尿病视网膜病变)的发病风险。由于患者可能合并多种眼病,因此使用多标签框架。
整体结构为一个 双模态神经网络,用于捕捉 时空气象模式和 个体患者属性,并在融合时保持可解释性和灵活性。
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3D ResNet18 主干
输入为 365 天 × 50 通道 × 20×20×24 体素。- 采用 3D 卷积在 (time × space × depth) 三个维度上同时建模,能够捕捉 气候随时间的演变、地表到土壤的能量传输、雪深积累等模式。
- 输出为 每日一个 512 维 embedding。
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时序 Transformer(含 MoE)
每日 embedding 输入到 Transformer 编码器:- 自注意力用于捕捉 365 天长时依赖。
- 前馈层 (FFN) 替换为 MoE:每个时间片的 token 被路由到不同专家,使得模型可以专门化处理 不同气候类型(如海洋性气候 vs. 大陆性气候)。
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AFNO 分支(Adaptive Fourier Neural Operator)
并行使用 AFNO 捕捉气象的周期性:- 将时间序列通过 FFT 转换到频率域。
- 使用 分块对角的复数线性变换学习主要频率模式(如季节性波动、短期振荡)。
- 通过 soft-shrinkage 稀疏化抑制非主要频率的噪声。
- 逆 FFT还原时域信号。
同时,AFNO 分支也加入了 MoE,使不同频率特征由不同专家处理,适应气候区域差异。
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气象时序特征融合
Transformer 与 AFNO 的输出拼接后,经线性层映射回 512 维,得到综合的气象时序表示。
患者 424 维特征通过 TabM(Yandex Research 提出)处理。
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核心原理
TabM 提出了一种 高效集成 (efficient ensemble) 机制:- 主权重矩阵 (W) 在所有子模型间共享。
- 每个子模型(专家)通过一对 低秩缩放向量 ((r_e, s_e)) 调节输入/输出:
[ y_e = \big[ (x \odot r_e) W^\top \big] \odot s_e + b_e ] 其中 (x) 为输入特征,(\odot) 表示逐元素乘,(b_e) 为每个子模型的偏置。 - 这样可以在几乎不增加参数量的情况下,构建一个内部的“打包集成模型”。
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优点
- 让模型在面对 分布差异的亚群体时更加鲁棒(例如不同生活方式的人群)。
- 内部集成提高了 泛化能力和 不确定性估计。
- 计算成本几乎与单模型相同。
我们将 TabM 输出投影到 512 维,与气象分支对齐。
采用 双向交叉注意力 (bi-directional cross-attention):
- 气象 → 患者:患者 token 在气象序列上查询,关注与疾病最相关的时间片。
- 患者 → 气象:气象 summary token 在患者 embedding 上查询,将气候解释与个体特征结合。
两个更新后的 token 拼接,经 MLP 得到融合表示。
可选地在这一层加入 MoE 头,让模型专门化处理不同疾病亚型。
最终融合表示经线性分类头,预测 4 个眼科疾病的风险概率。
损失函数使用 binary cross-entropy with logits。
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损失函数:带类别权重的 BCE。
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优化器:Adam,带梯度裁剪。
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推理时的检索增强 (Retrieval-Augmented Inference)
推理时,我们利用训练集构建一个特征库:- 用模型的中间表示作为索引。
- 在测试样本预测时,检索出 k 个最相似的训练样本(相似度可选 余弦或 欧式距离)。
- 计算邻居的平均概率 (p_{knn})。
- 与模型预测概率 (p_{model}) 融合:
[ p_{final} = (1-\alpha),p_{model} + \alpha,p_{knn} ]
这样能缓解训练/测试分布差异。
我们设计了多层次的可解释机制:
- 3D Grad-CAM:可视化气象体素中(纬度 × 经度 × 深度)最关键的区域。
- Transformer 注意力图:显示模型在 365 天中关注的关键时段(如冬季骤降)。
- AFNO 频率分析:指出模型利用的主导频率成分。
- MoE 路由可视化:分析样本被分配到的专家,揭示潜在的病人亚群体或气候模式(例如“雪覆盖驱动的风险群体”)。
- 搭建多进程 ERA5-Land 数据下载框架,完成 50 个气象变量的收集。
- 实现数据格式转换与重采样(0.1° → 20×20×24),构建日尺度气象数据立方体。
- 收集并清洗 UK Biobank 患者特征(424 维),通过 XGBoost 完成缺失值填补。
- 设计并实现多模态模型框架(3D ResNet + Transformer + AFNO + TabM + MoE + Cross-Attn)。
- 完成 toy dataset 与真实数据子集的基线训练,验证模型结构可行性。
- 数据下载效率低 → 使用多进程并行下载,大幅缩短获取 ERA5 数据的时间。
- 缺失值比例高 → 采用 XGBoost 学习型填补方法,相比均值/中位数填补更符合变量间分布关系。
- 数据对齐复杂 → 按照患者发病时间窗口(365 天)和居住城市坐标匹配 ERA5 数据,构建个体化时空样本。
- PaddlePaddle 模块限制 → 例如
nn.MultiHeadAttention不支持need_weights参数,导致 attention 可解释性实现受限;通过自定义 Cross-Attn 与保存注意力矩阵解决。 - 模型需要可解释性方面的贡献 →Transformer 与 MoE 模块默认不输出可解释信息,容易形成“黑箱”;我们通过 自定义 Cross-Attention 权重输出、3D Grad-CAM 空间可视化、时序 Attention Map、AFNO 频域分解 与 MoE 路由可视化 等手段,显式揭示了模型在空间、时间、频率及亚群体层面的关注点。这些改进不仅解决了可解释性瓶颈,也使模型能够为临床专家与政策制定提供透明、可追溯的证据。
- 计算负担大 → 模型包含 3D CNN + 双 Transformer 分支 + MoE,需依赖 多块A100 GPU 训练;通过梯度裁剪以及模型量化方法结合分布式并行优化显存使用。
在已有的 多模态深度学习框架 基础上(融合 ERA5 气象数据与 UK Biobank 等多源患者数据),本研究聚焦于 显式级联建模(环境 → 系统 → 暴露 → 生物 → 疾病),构建跨模态、可解释的疾病预测与干预模拟平台。总体目标是:
- 在 Nature Communications / Nature Medicine/AAAI/IJCAI 发表 1–2 篇论文;
- 提出适用于多模态级联预测的通用框架;
- 验证模型在 UKB、CKB、FinnGen、BBJ 等多个 Biobank 上的可扩展性;
- 提供气象与环境干预下的疾病风险模拟;
- 为城市规划、空气质量控制、疾病防控政策提供量化证据。
Ophthalmic Disease Onset Prediction Based on Multimodal Deep Learning: Integrating ERA5 Meteorological Data and UK Biobank Patient Features
- Week 1
- Familiarize with ERA5-Land data interfaces and variable selection (confirm 50 meteorological feature variables).
- Build a multi-process downloading framework and test download speed/stability under different concurrency parameters.
- Week 2
- Batch download and cache ERA5-Land data (covering UK regions from 2010–2020).
- Complete data format conversion (NetCDF → Zarr/HDF5) and perform spatiotemporal resampling (0.1° → 20×20×24).
- Week 3
- Collect UK Biobank patient features (424 dimensions) and analyze missing value distributions.
- Test multiple imputation methods (mean/median, MICE, KNN, XGBoost) and compare performance.
- Week 4
- Finalize missing value imputation strategy (XGBoost).
- Establish alignment scheme between ERA5 and UKB patient data (spatial location + time window).
- Output aligned multimodal training samples.
- Week 1
- Build a 3D ResNet18 encoder for extracting spatial features from daily meteorological volumetric data.
- Implement TabM module for modeling UKB patient phenotypes.
- Week 2
- Implement Transformer branch (temporal attention).
- Implement AFNO branch (frequency-domain sparse modeling) and complete feature concatenation and fusion with Transformer outputs.
- Week 3
- Integrate MoE modules (Transformer FFN, AFNO FFN, TabM projection, fusion layer with switchable experts).
- Complete Cross-Attention fusion for bimodal interaction.
- Week 4
- Conduct baseline training (toy dataset + partial real samples).
- Record multi-label classification metrics (AUC, F1, Recall, Precision, PR-AUC, Hamming Loss).
- Hyperparameter tuning: batch size, learning rate, number of experts (MoE).
- Week 1
- Implement and test 3D Grad-CAM to visualize spatial attention regions in meteorological modality.
- Visualize Self-Attention Heatmap (temporal weights over 365 days).
- Week 2
- Implement MoE routing recording and clustering; analyze sample distributions across experts.
- Explore whether domain-specific experts (e.g., "winter patients," "elderly patients") are automatically separated.
- Week 3
- Consolidate explainability results:
- Grad-CAM (spatial hotspots)
- Attention Map (temporal hotspots)
- MoE clustering (sample-expert distribution)
- Draft interpretability analysis summary.
- Consolidate explainability results:
- Week 4
- Complete technical report (methods, experiments, challenges, and conclusions).
- Organize results and prepare initial paper framework.
We integrate two heterogeneous modalities:
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Meteorological Modality (ERA5-Land)
Downloaded 50 meteorological and environmental variables (e.g., 2m temperature, soil temperature layers, snow cover, precipitation, radiation flux, vegetation index).- Original spatial resolution: 0.1° (~10×10 grid per city).
- Each pixel includes 24 vertical layers (e.g., soil, atmosphere).
- Resized to 20×20×24 voxels, with each patient matched to 365 days of data before disease onset.
- Used multi-process parallel downloading to accelerate ERA5-Land retrieval and preprocessing.
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Patient Modality (UK Biobank)
Extracted 424 patient features (demographics, lifestyle, clinical variables).
For missing values, applied XGBoost-based predictive imputation, which outperforms mean/median filling for heterogeneous clinical data.
Patient features are aligned with ERA5 meteorological data via onset date and residential location, enabling spatiotemporal matching.
Task: Multi-label classification predicting 4 ophthalmic diseases (e.g., glaucoma, cataract, AMD, diabetic retinopathy). As patients may develop multiple diseases, a multi-label framework is required.
The overall design is a bimodal neural network, capturing both spatiotemporal meteorological patterns and individual patient attributes, while ensuring interpretability and flexibility.
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3D ResNet18 Backbone
Input: 365 days × 50 channels × 20×20×24 voxels.- 3D convolutions jointly model (time × space × depth), capturing seasonal changes, soil-atmosphere energy transfer, and snow accumulation.
- Outputs one 512-d embedding per day.
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Temporal Transformer (with MoE)
Daily embeddings are fed into a Transformer encoder:- Self-attention captures long-term dependencies across 365 days.
- FFN replaced by MoE: each token is routed to different experts, allowing specialized handling of climate types (e.g., maritime vs. continental).
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AFNO (Adaptive Fourier Neural Operator) Branch
Models periodicity in parallel:- Convert sequence via FFT to frequency domain.
- Apply block-diagonal complex linear transforms to learn dominant frequencies (e.g., seasonal cycles, short-term oscillations).
- Use soft-shrinkage sparsity to suppress noise.
- Perform inverse FFT to reconstruct.
- Added MoE to allow frequency-specific specialization across regions.
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Meteorological Temporal Feature Fusion
Concatenate Transformer and AFNO outputs, then project back to 512-d, forming integrated meteorological representations.
Patient 424-d features are modeled with TabM (proposed by Yandex Research).
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Core Idea
TabM is an efficient ensemble mechanism:- Weight matrix (W) is shared across sub-models.
- Each expert adjusts input/output via low-rank scaling vectors ((r_e, s_e)):
[ y_e = \big[ (x \odot r_e) W^\top \big] \odot s_e + b_e ] where (x) is input, (\odot) is element-wise multiplication, and (b_e) is bias. - Builds an ensemble internally with minimal additional parameters.
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Advantages
- Robust to population subgroup heterogeneity (e.g., lifestyle differences).
- Improves generalization and uncertainty estimation.
- Computationally comparable to a single model.
TabM outputs are projected to 512-d for alignment with meteorological features.
Implemented bi-directional cross-attention:
- Meteorology → Patient: patient tokens query meteorological sequences to attend to disease-relevant time slices.
- Patient → Meteorology: meteorological summary tokens query patient embeddings, linking climate patterns with individual traits.
Fused tokens are concatenated and passed through MLP.
Optionally, a MoE head is added to specialize for disease subtypes.
The fused representation is passed to a linear classifier for multi-label risk prediction of 4 ophthalmic diseases.
Loss function: binary cross-entropy with logits.
- Loss Function: BCE with class weights.
- Optimizer: Adam with gradient clipping.
- Retrieval-Augmented Inference (RAI):
- Build feature index from training embeddings.
- At inference, retrieve k nearest neighbors.
- Compute average probability (p_{knn}).
- Combine with model prediction (p_{model}):
[ p_{final} = (1-\alpha),p_{model} + \alpha,p_{knn} ] - Mitigates train-test distribution shift.
Multi-level interpretability mechanisms:
- 3D Grad-CAM: highlights key spatial voxels (lat × lon × depth).
- Transformer Attention Maps: identify critical time windows (e.g., winter drops).
- AFNO Frequency Analysis: reveal dominant periodic components.
- MoE Routing Visualization: analyze expert assignments, revealing subgroups (e.g., "snow-driven high-risk patients").
- Built multi-process ERA5-Land data downloading framework; collected 50 meteorological variables.
- Converted and resampled data (0.1° → 20×20×24) to daily meteorological cubes.
- Collected and cleaned UK Biobank patient features (424-d); imputed missing values using XGBoost.
- Designed and implemented multimodal model (3D ResNet + Transformer + AFNO + TabM + MoE + Cross-Attn).
- Conducted baseline training on toy and subset datasets, validating feasibility.
- Low data download efficiency → Solved with multi-process parallel downloading.
- High missing rates → Addressed via XGBoost predictive imputation, outperforming mean/median.
- Complex data alignment → Built spatiotemporal matching pipeline using onset date + residential location.
- Framework limitation (PaddlePaddle) →
nn.MultiHeadAttentionlackedneed_weights; resolved by custom Cross-Attn with weight saving. - Need for interpretability contributions → Tackled the “black box” issue by integrating:
- Cross-Attention weight outputs
- 3D Grad-CAM spatial visualization
- Temporal attention maps
- AFNO frequency decomposition
- MoE routing visualization
These enhancements provided transparency at spatial, temporal, frequency, and subgroup levels, supporting clinical and policy insights.
- Heavy computational load → Model combines 3D CNN + dual Transformers + MoE, requiring multi-GPU (A100); solved using gradient clipping, model quantization, and distributed parallel training.
Building on the existing multimodal deep learning framework (ERA5 meteorology + UK Biobank features), the research will focus on explicit cascade modeling (Environment → System → Exposure → Biology → Disease) to construct an interpretable, multimodal disease prediction and intervention simulation platform.
Goals:
- Publish 1–2 papers in Nature Communications, Nature Medicine, AAAI, or IJCAI.
- Propose a generalizable multimodal cascade prediction framework.
- Validate scalability across multiple Biobanks (UKB, CKB, FinnGen, BBJ).
- Provide disease risk simulations under environmental and climate interventions.
- Deliver quantitative evidence for urban planning, air quality control, and public health policy.