Here are guidelines about how to format citations and references in LaTeX .tex and BibTeX .bib
files for Language Science Press books.
Language Science Press has a tool for converting plain text bibliographic entries to BibTeX format, https://www.langsci-press-gug.org/doc2tex/doc2bib, and a tool for normalizing BibTeX entries according to Language Science Press style, https://www.langsci-press-gug.org/doc2tex/normalizebib. See all Language Science Press templates and tools, https://langsci-press.org/templatesAndTools.
Language Science Press follows the Generic Style Rules for Linguistics and the Unified Style Sheet for Linguistics, with a few customizations. See the Language Science Press guidelines, https://langsci-press.org/guidelines.
This is a BibTeX entry.
@type{key,
field1 = {value1},
field2 = {value2},
...
}
@article{Milewski1951,
author = {Milewski, Tadeusz},
journal = {Lingua Posnaniensis},
pages = {248--268},
title = {The conception of the word in languages of {North American} natives},
volume = {3},
year = {1951}
}
The BibTeX entry type is the word after the ampersand @, commonly article, book,
incollection, phdthesis, and misc.
The BibTeX entry key is the alphanumeric string after the opening brace {.
Conventionally, the key is the author surname(s) followed by the year, and maybe a suffix
to disambiguate works in the same year or help you identify the work,
e.g. Yu2003, Yu2003a, Yu2003thesis, MalingZaenen1985, JohnsonEtAl1989.
Conventionally, the key does not use diacritics and is stripped to ASCII (A–Z, a–z).
The key cannot contain certain characters: space ; ampersand &; comma ,;
quotes ", '; backslash \; percent %; and braces and brackets {, }, [, ].
The BibTeX entry has field/value pairs.
The fields author, title, and date are generally required for all entries.
Conventionally, values are enclosed in braces, {...}.
The final field/value pair can omit the separating comma after the value.
Values can be enclosed in double quote marks, and some numeric values can be unbraced,
but Language Science Press prefers braced values.
Some values – like crossref values and @string names – must be unbraced.
Please deliver a BibTeX file with all your references together with your submissions. BibTeX can be exported from all common bibliography tools.
Use a reference manager. Language Science Press recommends BibDesk for the Mac and JabRef for all other platforms.
Each Language Science Press book has a single BibTeX file named localbibliography.bib.
Bibliography files of papers/chapters by contributors in an edited volumes are collated and
reconciled by the volume editors or the Language Science Press team.
When using a LaTeX template or skeleton from Language Science Press, ...
If using Zotero and Better BibTeX, then change these settings from their default.
Set “Export unicode as plain-text latex commands” to yes.
Set “When an item has both a DOI and a URL, export” to DOI.
In most text contexts in LaTeX, some reserved characters must be escaped with a backslash \,
but not in the context of the doi and url fields.
journal = {Natural Language \& Linguistic Theory},
publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
volume = {2 \& 3},
url = {http://sas.ujc.cas.cz/archiv.php?lang=en&art=972},
doi = {10.1001/12345_3}
title = {``I can't believe \#{Z}iggy \#{S}tardust died''. {S}tance, fan identities and multimodality in reactions to the death of {David Bowie} on {I}nstagram},
title = {What you can cram into a single \$\&!\#* vector: {P}robing sentence embeddings for linguistic properties},
url = {https://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~dlpayne/Maa%20Lexicon/lexicon/main.htm},
title = {95\% confidence interval: {A} misunderstood statistical tool},
In an English bibliography, a non-English title can be given in the original script
or in English transliteration, or both, or with an English translation.
Note that title font style depends on kind of title: a book title is italic, and
an article title is roman.
Use the titleddon field (which is always in roman) for a translation,
and put the translation in square brackets.
Conventionally, the original script title is in parentheses after an Englsh transliteration.
That is, “Transliteration (Original script) [Translation]”.
The titleaddon is displayed immediately after after the title, always in roman,
not italic, which is particularly desirable for the square brackets around a translation
or the parentheses around the original script.
The titleaddon is not subject to decapitalization, so extra braces are not needed to
protect capitals.
To avoid italic style, like for parentheses, use the \textnormal{} command to force roman style.
@book{Haga1998,
address = {Tokyo},
author = {Haga, Yasushi},
publisher = {Ningen no Kagaku Sha},
title = {Nihongo no shakai shinri},
titleaddon = {[Social psychology in the Japanese language]},
year = {1998}
}
@article{Chen2013,
author = {Chen, Shu-chuan (陳淑娟)},
journal = {Language and Linguistics \textnormal{(語言暨語言學)}},
number = {2},
pages = {371--408},
title = {Taibei {Shezi} fangyan de yuyin bianyi yu bianhua (台北社子方言的語音變異與變化)},
titleaddon = {[The sound variation and change of Shezi dialect in Taipei City]},
volume = {14},
year = {2013},
url = {https://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/item/en?act=journal&code=download&article_id=426},
}
Haga, Yasushi. 1998. Nihongo no shakai shinri. [Social psychology in the Japanese language]. Tokyo: Ningen no Kagaku Sha.
Chen, Shu-chuan (陳淑娟). 2013. Taibei Shezi fangyan de yuyin bianyi yu bianhua (台北社子方言的語音變異與變化). [The sound variation and change of Shezi dialect in Taipei City]. Language and Linguistics (語言暨語言學) 14(2). 371–408. https://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/item/en?act=journal&code=download&article_id=426.
The basic commands for citations are \citep{}, \citet{}, and \citealt{}.
| Source | Output |
|---|---|
\citep{Yu2003} |
(Yu 2003) |
\citep[12]{Yu2003} |
(Yu 2003: 12) |
\citep{Erdal2007,Yu2003} |
(Erdal 2007, Yu 2003) |
\citep{MalingZaenen1985} |
(Maling & Zaenen 1985) |
\citep{JohnsonEtAl1989} |
(Johnson et al. 1989) |
\citet{Yu2003} |
Yu (2003) |
\citet[12]{Yu2003} |
Yu (2003: 12) |
\citealt{Yu2003} |
Yu 2003 |
\citealt[12]{Yu2003} |
Yu 2003: 12 |
\citeauthor{Yu2003} |
Yu |
\citeyear{Yu2003} |
2003 |
\citetitle{Yu2003} |
“Morpology Africa” |
*\cite{Yu2003} |
Yu 2003 |
When there are three or more authors, the citation will print the first author’s name and “et al.”. Do not write “et al.” in a BibTeX entry. If there references by a same first author with different groups of coauthors, in the same year, then the citation will print other coauthor names to disambiguate the group, e.g., “Smith, Jones et al. (2025)” and “Smith, Lee et al. (2025)” instead of “Smith et al. (2025)”.
This is claimed to be true \citep{Yu2003,MalingZaenen1985}.
This is claimed to be true (Yu 2003, Maling & Zaenen 1985).
See the claim by \citet[12]{Yu2003}.
See the claim by Yu (2003: 12).
See the claim in \citet[12]{MalingZaenen1985}.
See the claim in Maling & Zaenen (1985: 12).
Use \citealt{} to build a parenthetical citation remark that is anything more complex
than a comma-separated list of citations.
This is a claim (see \citetalt{Erdal2007} and especially \citealt[12]{Yu2003}).
This is a claim (see Erdal 2007 and especially Yu 2003: 12).
Use \citeauthor{} and \citeyear{} to build a possessive citation like
“Smith’s (2025) claim ...”.
\citeauthor{Erdal2007}'s (\citeyear{Erdal2007}) claim is true.
Erdal’s (2007) claim is true.
\citeauthor{MalingZaenen1985}'s (\citeyear{MalingZaenen1985}) claim is true.
Maling & Zaenen’s (1985) claim is true.
\citeauthor{JohnsonEtAl1989}'s (\citeyear{JohnsonEtAl1989}) claim is true.
Johnson et al.’s (1989) claim is true.
Use the optional argument [] for the page citation, which is printed after the year after a colon.
This only works properly for one citation at a time.
See the claim by \citet[12]{Yu2003}.
See the claim by Yu (2003: 12).
*This is claimed to be true \citep[12, 34]{Yu2003,MalingZaenen1985}.
This is claimed to be true (Yu 2003, Maling & Zaenen 1985: 12, 34).
This is claimed to be true (\citealt[12]{Yu2003}, \citealt[34]{MalingZaenen1985}).
This is claimed to be true (Yu 2003: 12, Maling & Zaenen 1985: 34).
Do not use the abbreviations p. or pp. or ff. or f. to specify page citations.
Always use the exact page number or range.
A page range is encoded in LaTeX with two dashes --, e.g. 12--14,
or a literal en dash – (U+2013), e.g. 12–14.
In a page range, do not truncate the second numeral for the end of the range, e.g. *12--4.
To cite a chapter, section, table or figure, use the full (capitalized) word, not an abbreviation.
Use the section symbol § as appropriate.
\citet[Chapter 2]{Smith2025}
*\citet[ch. 2]{Smith2025}
\citet[Section 2.1]{Smith2025}
\citet[§2.1]{Smith2025}
\citet[footnote 2]{Smith2025}
\citet[fn. 2]{Smith2025}
With an in-text page citation \citet[...]{...}, the author name(s), the opening parenthesis,
and the year are hyperlinked as the anchor test to the reference in the References at the end
of the chapter/book, but the hyperlinked text does not include the page number (or whatever was
inside the square brackets) and the closing parenthesis.
This is recommended over building a citation with \citeauthor{}.
With an in-text page citation with two more more keys, the hyperlinked text does not include
the closing parenthesis.
This linking behavior is by design of the Language Science Press citation style.
Avoid using \citet{} with two or more keys.
\citet{Yu2003}
\citet[12]{Yu2003}
*\citeauthor{Yu2003} (\citeyear{Yu2003}: 12)
*\citeauthor{Yu2003} (2003: 12)
*\citet{Yu2003,MalingZaenen1985}
\citet{Yu2003}, \citet{MalingZaenen1985}
\citep{Yu2003,MalingZaenen1985}
Yu (2003)
Yu (2003: 12)
Yu (2003: 12)
Yu (2003: 12)Yu (2003), Maling & Zaenen (1985)
Yu (2003), Maling & Zaenen (1985)
(Yu 2003, Maling & Zaenen 1985)
These examples show hyperlink anchor text behavior, and the hyperlink targets are necessarily fake. These guidelines do not show citations hyperlinks in other examples.
Use \citep{} for a list of citations in parentheses, such as at the end of a sentence.
This is claimed to be true \citep{Yu2003,MalingZaenen1985}.
This is claimed to be true (Yu 2003, Maling & Zaenen 1985).
No double parentheses! Do not use \citep{} within parentheses.
Instead, use \citealt{} to build a parenthetical remark.
This is claimed to be true (see \citealt{Yu2003} and also \citealt{MalingZaenen1985}).
This is claimed to be true (see Yu 2003 and also Maling & Zaenen 1985).
\citep{} prints a comma-separated list of citations, in one pair of parentheses.
When building a long or complex list of citations in a parenthetical remark with \citealt{},
use the same separator (a comma) in the list, unless there is a reason to switch to a
semicolon separator.
Use \citep{} after a long quotation in an quote environment:
...
Use \citealt{}, not \citep{}, for an (optional) citation with the \langinfo command
in a linguistic example.
\ea
\langinfo{Mising}{Sino-Tibetan}{\citealt[69]{Prasad91a}}\\
\gll azɔ́në dɔ́luŋ\\
small village\\
\glt ‘a small village’
\z
(1) Mising (Sino-Tibetan; Prasad 1991: 69) azɔ́në dɔ́luŋ small village ‘a small village’
In the context of a linguistic example, for a citation to non-contiguous pages, use a semicolon, not a comma. For example, this citation is to pages 19 and 63.
\ea
\langinfo{Zulu}{}{\citealt[19; 63]{PoulosBosch97}}\\
\gll Shay-a inja!\\
hit-IMP.2SG dog\\
\glt ‘Hit the dog!’
\z
(2) Zulu (Poulos & Bosch 1997: 19; 63) Shay-a inja! hit-IMP.2SG dog ‘Hit the dog!’
Some abbreviations are commonly used with in-text citations. Pay attention to their meanings. Do not use italic for Latin abbreviations commonly used in English.
| Abbreviation | Meaning |
|---|---|
| i.e. | that is |
| e.g. | for example |
| a.o. | among others |
| cf. | compare |
Avoid op. cit., loc. cit. and ibid. and repeat the full citation instead.
You can cite personal communication, but do not use a BibTeX entry for this. Write the correspondent’s full name, the cue phrase “personal communication” (or its abbreviation “pers. comm.” or “p.c.”), and the date. This information can be given in an in-text parenthetical remark or a footnote.
(Sebastian Nordhoff, personal communication, December 25, 2024)
(Nordhoff, pers. comm., 2024)
(Nordhoff, p.c., 2024)
When citing a website by name in the text, print the website URL in a parenthetical remark
(after the website name) or a footnote (at the end of the sentence).
A BibTeX entry is not required to cite a website, especially if the website does not have a named
author.
If the website is a resource like a database or a corpus, use a @misc BibTeX entry to cite
the resource.
In a collected volume, it is common for one paper/chapter in the volume to cite another paper/chapter in the same volume, especially in an introductory chapter written by the volume editors. To do this, ...
See This volume.
Most works can be referenced with the @article, @book, @incollection, @phdthesis,
and @misc BibTeX entry types.
@article{Milewski1951,
author = {Milewski, Tadeusz},
journal = {Lingua Posnaniensis},
pages = {248--268},
title = {The conception of the word in languages of {North American} natives},
volume = {3},
year = {1951}
}
Milewski, Tadeusz. 1951. The conception of the word in languages of North American natives. Lingua Posnaniensis 3. 248–268.
@book{Lightfoot2002,
address = {Oxford},
editor = {Lightfoot, David W.},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
title = {Syntactic effects of morphological change},
year = {2002},
doi = {10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250691.001.0001},
}
Lightfoot, David W. (ed.). 2002. Syntactic effects of morphological change. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250691.001.0001.
@incollection{Rissanen1999,
address = {Cambridge},
author = {Rissanen, Matti},
maintitle = {The {Cambridge} history of the {English} language},
booktitle = {1476--1776},
editor = {Lass, Roger},
pages = {187--331},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {Syntax},
volume = {3},
year = {1999},
doi = {10.1017/CHOL9780521264761.005},
}
Rissanen, Matti. 1999. Syntax. In Roger Lass (ed.), The Cambridge history of the English language. Vol. 3: 1476–1776, 187–331. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CHOL9780521264761.005.
@phdthesis{Yu2003,
address = {Berkeley},
author = {Yu, Alan Chi Lun},
school = {University of California},
title = {The morphology and phonology of infixation},
year = {2003},
url = {https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4ds6q618},
}
Yu, Alan Chi Lun. 2003. The morphology and phonology of infixation. Berkeley: University of California. (Doctoral dissertation). https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4ds6q618.
@misc{Filppula2013,
author = {Filppula, Markku},
howpublished = {Paper presented at the conference of the Societas Linguistica Europaea, Split, 18–21 September},
title = {Areal and typological distributions of features as evidence for language contacts in {Western Europe},
year = {2013}
}
Filppula, Markku. 2013. Areal and typological distributions of features as evidence for language contacts in Western Europe. Paper presented at the conference of the Societas Linguistica Europaea, Split, 18–21 September.
The Language Science Press bibliography style supports many BibTeX entry types:
@article, @book, @incollection, @inproceedings, @inbook, @phdthesis,
@mastersthesis, @thesis, @techreport, @manual, @online, @unpublished, and
@misc.
Do not use these legacy/deprecated BibTeX entry types:
@proceedings, @conference, @report, and @booklet.
Use the @article entry type for an article in a journal.
Some conference proceedings and working paper series are considered serialized journals by
their publisher.
Do not use @article for an article-length unpublished manuscript or preprint, especially if
there is no serialized journal.
@article{Lastname2025,
author = {Lastname, Firstname},
journal = {Journal Title in Title Case},
pages = {123--145},
title = {Article title in sentence case: {A} subtitle},
volume = {56},
number = {4},
year = {2025},
doi = {10.1234/1234567},
url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/12345678},
note = {Some essential information in sentence case},
}
If the article has an article ID instead of sequential pagination, then use the pages field
for the article ID itself, without adding e.g. “Article ID” or “Paper number”.
In this case, do not use the pages field to show the total number of pages in the article,
e.g., pages = {1--12}.
pages = {9120},
* pages = {Article ID 9120},
If the article is in a special issue, with an issue title and editors that are worth mentioning,
then use the note field for this information.
The conventional format for special issue information is
“Special issue: Title of special issue in sentence case. Alex Smith, Pat Jones & Sam Lee (eds.)”.
By using the note field, this information is displayed after the volume (and number) and
before the pages.
If the article is in a special issue, with an issue title and editors that are worth mentioning,
then use the fields issuetitle and editor for this information.
The issuetitle field is title-like, so use braces to protect any capitalization.
Contact Language Science Press to enable support for the issuetitle and editor fields for
@article, because these are disabled by default.
(Add \PassOptionsToPackage{issueandeditor=true}{biblatex} to langscibook.cls before
\usepackage[...]{biblatex}.)
@article{Andeson2003,
author = {Anderson, Gregory D. S.},
journal = {STUF - Language Typology and Universals},
number = {1--2},
pages = {12--39},
title = {Yeniseic languages from a {Siberian} areal perspective},
volume = {56},
year = {2003},
doi = {10.1524/stuf.2003.56.12.12},
note = {Special issue: Studia Yeniseica: In honor of Heinrich Werner. Edward J. Vajda \& Gregory D. S. Anderson (eds.)},
}
@article{Andeson2003alt,
author = {Anderson, Gregory D. S.},
journal = {STUF - Language Typology and Universals},
number = {1--2},
pages = {12--39},
title = {Yeniseic languages from a {Siberian} areal perspective},
volume = {56},
year = {2003},
doi = {10.1524/stuf.2003.56.12.12},
issuetitle = {{S}tudia {Y}eniseica: {I}n honor of {Heinrich Werner}}.
editor = {Vajda, Edward J. and Anderson, Gregory D. S.},
}
Anderson, Gregory D. S. 2003. Yeniseic languages from a Siberian areal perspective. STUF - Language Typology and Universals 56(1–2). Special issue: Studia Yeniseica: In honor of Heinrich Werner. Edward J. Vajda & Gregory D. S. Anderson (eds.). 12–39. DOI: 10.1524/stuf.2003.56.12.12
Anderson, Gregory D. S. 2003b. Yeniseic languages from a Siberian areal perspective. STUF - Language Typology and Universals 56(1–2): Studia Yeniseica: In honor of Heinrich Werner. Edward J. Vajda & Gregory D. S. Anderson (eds.). 12–39. DOI: 10.1524/stuf.2003.56.12.12
Use @article only for a paper published in a journal.
Use @misc instead for manuscripts submitted to a journal, or in review at a journal,
or with any status other than published by the journal.
If the journal has a status like “Online first”, “Early view” or “Article in press”
for published papers that are not yet assigned to a volume, then do use the @article entry type
and use the note field, not the volume field, for this information. Set the year field to
the year that the article was first available online from the journal.
note = {Online first},
*volume = {In press},
See also Publication status.
@book{Lastname2024,
author = {Lastname, Firstname},
title = {Book title in sentence case: {A} subtitle},
volume = {3},
edition = {2},
series = {Series Title in Title Case},
number = {12},
publisher = {Publisher},
address = {City},
year = {2024},
note = {Some essential information in sentence case},
}
@book{Lastname2023,
editor = {Lastname, Firstname},
maintitle = {Main title of multi-volume work},
title = {Title of book in multi-volume work},
volume = {3},
publisher = {Publisher},
address = {City},
year = {2023},
}
A @book entry requires an author or editor field, but not both.
The fields title, year, publisher, and address are required.
Use the fields edition, volume, and series and number if needed.
For a book, do not use the pages field.
Do not use the note field for the ISBN or to show the total number of pages the book has.
Do not use the @booklet BibTeX entry type.
Use @book or @misc instead.
Do not use the @proceedings BibTeX entry type.
Use @book instead.
@incollection{incollection1,
address = {City},
author = {Author, Firstname},
title = {Title of article/chapter in collection: {A} subtitle},
booktitle = {Title of collection},
editor = {Editor, Firstname},
pages = {123--145},
publisher = {Publisher},
year = {2025},
doi = {10.1234/1234567},
note = {Some essential information in sentence case},
}
@inproceedings{inproceedings1,
author = {Author, Firstname},
title = {Title of paper in proceedings: {A} subtitle},
booktitle = {Title of proceedings},
editor = {Editor, Firstname},
pages = {123--145},
publisher = {Publisher},
year = {2025},
note = {Some essential information in sentence case},
}
@inproceedings{inproceedings2,
author = {Author, Firstname},
title = {Title of paper in proceedings: {A} subtitle},
year = {2025},
booktitle = {Proceedings of {Linguistics Conference}, {B}erlin, {J}uly 1--4},
doi = {10.1234/1234567},
}
@inbook{inbook1,
address = {City},
author = {Contributor, Firstname},
title = {Foreword or similar contribution},
booktitle = {Title of book},
bookauthor = {Bookauthor, Firstname},
pages = {v--xii},
publisher = {Publisher},
year = {2025},
}
Use @incollection for an article/chapter in an edited book.
Use @inproceedings for a paper in a proceedings volume.
Use @inbook for a part of a book, such as a foreword, written by a contributor different
than the author of the book.
The fields author, title, and pages are required to identify the article/chapter/paper,
and the fields booktitle and year are required to identify the book.
With @incollection, the fields editor, publisher, and address for the book are
required.
For a proceedings paper with @inproceedings, the fields editor, publisher, address, and
pages should be given if available, and publisher and address can be interpreted as the
organizer and location, respectively, of the conference.
For a contribution in a book, use bookauthor to identify the author of the book,
and author to identify the author of the contribution.
For these entry types, use the fields edition, volume, series and number as appropriate
for the book.
Do not use the @conference entry type.
The @conference entry type is deprecated, once intended for a conference contribution,
and now a conference paper is better formatted as an @inproceedings entry.
Use @phdthesis, @mastersthesis, and @thesis for a dissertation, thesis, or paper submitted
to a school as a requirement for granting a degree.
See Thesis type, School, and Address.
@phdthesis{Ashby2016,
author = {Ashby, Michael George},
school = {University of Oxford},
address = {Oxford},
title = {Experimental phonetics in {Britain}, 1890--1940},
year = {2016},
url = {https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d8bbffae-8a4e-478e-ba65-0f5a5bbd66e1},
}
Ashby, Michael George. 2016. Experimental phonetics in Britain, 1890–1940. Oxford: University of Oxford. (Doctoral dissertation). https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d8bbffae-8a4e-478e-ba65-0f5a5bbd66e1.
Use @techreport for a report prepared for an institution.
The fields author, title, and year are required to identify ther report.
Use the fields institution and address to idenfify the institution that
the report was prepared for, or that sponsored the work.
By default, the label “Tech. rep.” will be displayed in the reference.
To override this, use the type field to specify the label used by the institution for its reports,
e.g. type = {Working paper},,
and use the number field to identify the sequential identifier of the report.
Do not include the month field for a @techreport.
Instead use the urldate field to indicate a date for the report.
Language Science Press prefers the institution field instead of the organization field.
@techreport{Franz1990,
address = {Pittsburgh},
author = {Franz, Alex},
institution = {Carnegie Mellon University, Laboratory for Computational Linguistics},
number = {CMU-LCL-90-3},
title = {A parser for {HPSG}},
type = {Report},
doi = {10.1184/R1/6490757.v1},
year = {1990}
}
Franz, Alex. 1990. A parser for HPSG. Report CMU-LCL-90-3. Pittsburgh: Carnegie Mellon University, Laboratory for Computational Linguistics. DOI: 10.1184/R1/6490757.v1.
For an unpublished manuscript such as a preprint, if the manuscript is not a technical report and
there there is no meaningful label to use for the type field, then use @misc, not @techreport,
for the manuscript.
Do not use the @report Bibtex entry type.
Use @techreport instead.
Use the @manual entry for any book that is, essentially, a manual, such as an
instruction manual for software.
Anything that can be formatted as a @manual entry can be forrmatted as a
@book entry, and the references would be nearly identical.
@manual{R2025manual,
address = {Vienna},
author = {{R Core Team}},
organization = {R Foundation for Statistical Computing},
title = {R: {A} language and environment for statistical computing},
url = {https://www.R-project.org/},
year = {2025}
}
@book{R2025book,
address = {Vienna},
author = {{R Core Team}},
publisher = {R Foundation for Statistical Computing},
title = {R: {A} language and environment for statistical computing},
url = {https://www.R-project.org/},
year = {2025}
}
R Core Team. 2025. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Vienna. https://www.R-project.org/.
R Core Team. 2025. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/.
Use @online for an online resource that is not better interpreted as e.g. @article, @book,
@phdthesis, or @incollection.
Regular publications that are available online are not treated in a special way, as this applies to more and more publications anyway. When citing a web resource that is not a regular scientific publication, this should be treated like a book, to the extent that this is possible. Internet publications should list the DOI if it is available. In these cases, the URL is not listed.
Do/Do not use the urldate field just to indicate the date the resource was accessed.
Do/Do not use the urldate field to indicate the date of publication of the resource,
if day and month are worth mentioning.
@online{Francia2020,
author= {Francia, Marika},
title = {Survey of it. qualunque},
url = {https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1NUxcdi2wbThFbaLpKActyyjIApJClirR},
year = {2020},
}
@online{six_nations_lands_and_resources_haldimand_2008,
title = {The {Haldimand Treaty} of 1784},
url = {https://www.sixnations.ca/LandsResources/HaldProc.htm},
author = {{Six Nations Council}},
year = {2008},
}
Francia, Marika. 2020. Survey of it. qualunque. https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1NUxcdi2wbThFbaLpKActyyjIApJClirR.
Six Nations Council. 2008. The Haldimand Treaty of 1784. https://www.sixnations.ca/LandsResources/HaldProc.htm.
An unpublished manuscript can be formatted with @unpublished or @misc.
With @unpublished, the title is in roman in the reference, like an article title,
while with @misc, the title is in italic in the reference, like a book title.
If the unpublished manuscript has no date of publication, then leave the year field empty
and use the pubstate field to describe the publication status.
See Publication status.
The Language Science Press bibliography style does not support the eprint and eprinttype
fields for eprints, which other bibliography styles do support.
Do not use the eprinttype field or its unsupported values
arxiv, jstor, pubmed, hdl, googlebooks, lingbuzz, or roa.
Instead, use the url field for the full URL of the eprint and the note field to describe the
eprint.
@unpublished{Conrod2021unpublished,
author = {Conrod, Kirby},
year = {2021},
note = {Preprint. lingbuzz/006452}
title = {Variation in {English} gendered pronouns: {A}nalysis and recommendations for ethics in linguistics},
urldate = {2021-08},
url = {https://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/006452},
}
@misc{Conrod2021misc,
author = {Conrod, Kirby},
year = {2021},
note = {Preprint. lingbuzz/006452}
title = {Variation in {English} gendered pronouns: {A}nalysis and recommendations for ethics in linguistics},
urldate = {2021-08},
url = {https://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/006452},
}
* @unpublished{Conrod2021unsupported,
author = {Conrod, Kirby},
date = {2021-08},
eprint = {006452},
eprinttype = {lingbuzz},
title = {Variation in {English} gendered pronouns: {A}nalysis and recommendations for ethics in linguistics},
}
Conrod, Kirby. 2021. Variation in English gendered pronouns: Analysis and recommendations for ethics in linguistics. Preprint. lingbuzz/006452. https://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/006452 (August 2021).
Conrod, Kirby. 2021. Variation in English gendered pronouns: Analysis and recommendations for ethics in linguistics. Preprint. lingbuzz/006452. https://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/006452 (August 2021).
Conrod, Kirby. 2021. Variation in English gendered pronouns: Analysis and recommendations for ethics in linguistics.
Use @misc for conference presentations (not in a proceedings volume), preprints, unpublished
manuscripts, software, websites, and any anything else that is not better classified by
another BibTeX entry type.
Note that the title of a @misc reference is formatted according to the Language Science Press
style in italic like a book title, not in roman like an article title.
Use the note field, or the howpublished field, to describe the @misc reference.
Use the organization and address fields if the @misc reference has an identifiable
organization, sponsor, institute or publisher with a location.
Do not use the institute, publisher, and location fields with @misc.
@misc{LGR2015,
author = {Comrie, Bernard and Haspelmath, Martin and Bickel, Balthasar},
organization = {{Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Linguistics} and {University of Leipzig, Department of Linguistics}},
title = {{The Leipzig Glossing Rules}: {Conventions} for interlinear morpheme-by-morpheme glosses},
url = {https://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php},
address = {Leipzig},
urldate = {2015-05-31},
year = {2015},
}
@misc{Vaux2022,
author = {Vaux, Bert},
note = {Manuscript. lingbuzz/007166},
title = {The {Armenian} dialect of {Salmast}},
url = {https://lingbuzz.net/lingbuzz/007166},
year = {2022},
}
Comrie, Bernard, Martin Haspelmath & Balthasar Bickel. 2015. The Leipzig Glossing Rules: Conventions for interlinear morpheme-by-morpheme glosses. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Linguistics & University of Leipzig, Department of Linguistics. https://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php (31 May, 2015).
Vaux, Bert. 2022. The Armenian dialect of Salmast. Manuscript. lingbuzz/007166. https://lingbuzz.net/lingbuzz/007166.
@misc{Kay2024,
title = {{tidybayes}: {T}idy data and geoms for {Bayesian} models},
author = {Kay, Matthew},
year = {2024},
note = {R package version 3.0.7},
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.1308151},
}
@misc{Burkner2025,
title = {{brms}: {Bayesian} regression models using `{Stan}'},
author = {Bürkner, Paul-Christian},
year = {2024},
note = {R package version 2.23.0},
doi = {10.32614/CRAN.package.brms},
}
@article{Burkner2021,
title = {Bayesian item response modeling in {R} with {brms} and {Stan}},
author = {Bürkner, Paul-Christian},
journal = {Journal of Statistical Software},
year = {2021},
volume = {100},
number = {5},
pages = {1--54},
doi = {10.18637/jss.v100.i05},
}
Kay, Matthew. 2024. tidybayes: Tidy data and geoms for Bayesian models. R package version 3.0.7. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1308151.
title booktitle maintitle subtitle author editor year edition series
journal volume number pages address publisher doi url urldate schoool
type note
In the BibTeX file, list each name in the form “Surname, Givenname”, or more generally “prefix/particle Surname(s), suffix, Givenname(s)”. Separate names of different authors/editors with the word “and”.
author = {Van Valin, Jr., Robert D.},
author = {Chelliah, Shobhana L. and de Reuse, Willem J.},
A name with a prefix or particle (e.g. van, van der, Van, von, Da, de, De) should
include that prefix/particle in the surname in the BibTeX file, with the intended
capitalization, without extra braces or LaTeX spacing ties ~.
The Language Science Press bibliography style will correctly alphabetize such names.
A name suffix (e.g. Sr, Sr. Jr, Jr., III) can be given after the surname after a comma. Such a suffixed name will be processed correctly by the Language Science Press bibliography style.
Give the full names of authors and editors as in the publication of the referenced work. Do not initialize given names unless that is the person’s preference. Some persons style their name with initials only, like R. M. W. Dixon, or with a first initial, like W. Tecumseh Fitch. Middle initials are common, like Michael T. Putnam.
Give names of all authors and editors. Do not use “et al.” in the author or editor field.
For a group or institutional name, or a person’s name that cannot be inverted around a comma in the English bibliographic style, use a second pair of curly braces around the entire name.
A name in a second script can be given in parentheses, but take care to put it after the surname or given name in the BibTeX file so that it is displayed after the name in the displayed reference.
Do not omit space between initials.
Do not add LaTeX spacing commands such as ~ or \ after a period.
Do not use the sortname field, unless you use it systematically and contact Language Science Press first.
author = {Pérez Hernández, Lorena and Ruiz de Mendoza, Francisco José},
author = {{R Core Team}},
author = {Dixon, R. M. W.},
author = {É. Kiss, Katalin},
editor = {van Riemsdijk, Henk},
editor = {Hamilton, Rev. William},
author = {Chen, Shu-chuan (陳淑娟)},
author = {{Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o}},
The Language Style Press bibliography style does support BibLaTeX contributor fields for
fine control of how contributors/editors are displayed in references.
These fields include editora, editorb, translator, commentator, annotator, foreword, introduction, afterword, and contributor, and are not further described in these guidelines.
The field editortype (and editoratype and editorbtype) can be used, with its
controlled vocabulary list: editor, compiler, founder, continuator, redactor,
reviser, collaborator, commentator, annotator, introduction, afterword, foreword.
Write the title of the reference in sentence case. Capitalize the first letter in
the title and the first letter in any subtitle (after punctuation like a semicolon, en dash, comma
or period that separates the title into parts).
Proper nouns and intentionally capitalized words and letters must be protected
with curly braces {...} so that they are not decapitalized when compiled.
Language Science Press provides a Bibtex normalizer that detects proper nouns and the like
and adds braces as necessary (https://www.langsci-press-gug.org/doc2tex/normalizebib).
Decapitalization only applies to title-like fields –
title, booktitle, maintitle, subtitle – not other fields such as
author, journal, series, address, publisher, note, howpublished, and type.
These title-like fields also automatically capitalize the first letter of the title.
If the title starts with a word styled in lowercase, then protect it from initial caaitalization
with braces.
title = {Vocabulary in {Native American} languages: {Salish} words},
title = {Tone in {Y}ongning {N}a: {L}exical tones and morphotonology},
title = {{tidybayes}: {T}idy data and geoms for {Bayesian} models},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 22nd {Amsterdam} Colloquium}},
booktitle = {The structure of phonological representations, {P}art {II}},
The year is required for all references.
Use a range of years for a cited work when that is most appropriate.
Do/Do not use a range with a word like present, e.g. year = {1843--present},
if that is most appropriate for the cited work.
As a numeral, the year value can be unbraced, but Language Science Press prefers braced field values.
Do not use a year with a month and day. Instead, use the urldate field.
year = {2025},
year = {1949--1950},
For an @incollection entry, the year field is the date of publication of the proceedings
volume, which may not be the same as the date of the conference.
Do not use the year field to specify the days of the conference; instead put the conference
location and date in the booktitle if desired.
If the reference has no known date of publication, but is published, then set year = {n.d.},.
By doing this, the citation or reference is printed with “n.d.”, the preferred no-date cue
in Language Science Press style.
\citep{Smithodate}
@book{Smithnodate,
author = {Smith, Alex},
title = {Title of book},
publisher = {Language Science Press},
address = {Berlin},
year = {n.d.},
}
Smith (n.d.)
Smith, Alex. n.d. Title of book. Berlin: Language Science Press.
Do not use the origdate field to provide a different date of publication.
The origdate value is not printed in the reference if the year is already set.
Do/Do not append a year in square brackets to indicate the orginal date of publication. Do/Do not use a slash to indicate the orginal date of publication.
Do not use any phrase such as “In press”, “Submitted”, “In review”, “Accepted”, “In prepration”,
“Unpublished”, or “Forthcoming” as the value of the year field for an unpublished work.
Instead, leave the year field empty and set the pubstate field to the corresponding
controlled vocabulary value, e.g. pubstate = {inpress},.
pubstate controlled vocabulary value |
Publication status in reference/citation | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
inpress |
In press | Accepted and awaiting publication |
submitted |
Submitted | Submitted but not yet accepted |
inreview |
In review | Under/in review |
accepted |
Accepted | Accepted for publication |
inpreparation |
In preparation | Being written or prepared |
unpublished |
Unpublished | Not formally published |
forthcoming |
Forthcoming | Scheduled for future publication |
\citep{Smithinreview}
@book{Smithinreview,
author = {Smith, Alex},
title = {Title of book},
publisher = {Language Science Press},
address = {Berlin},
pubstate = {inreview},
}
Smith (In review)
Smith, Alex. In review. Title of book. Berlin: Language Science Press.
In Language Science Press style, the cue “This volume” is added in citations to papers/chapters
in the same volume.
Authors do not need to do anything to their citation commands or BibTeX entries in order to
enable this.
This is done by the Language Science Press team when the final BibTeX entries for
papers/chapters, with correct pagination, are set in the volume’s localbibliography.bib file.
Use the series and number fields to show such information of a reference.
Do not use the volume field for the series number.
The series name is capitalized in title case (capitalize all lexical words) in English.
Do not use braces to protect capitals in the series name; this is not necessary.
A non-English series name can be written with that language’s conventional capitalization
and punctuation even with Latin script.
Do/Do not use an initialism for a well-known series.
Provide a series name without a number value if that is not known or set by the publisher,
but do try to determine the number.
Find the series name and number of any Language Science Press book on its cover page.
If there is more than one series worth mentioning for a book, then list all series information
in the series value, without using the number field.
Avoid mentioning the series editor (Reihenherausgeber).
Do not try to use the serieseditor field.
@book{Clyne1991,
address = {Berlin},
editor = {Clyne, Michael},
publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
series = {Contributions to the Sociology of Language},
number = {62},
title = {Pluricentric languages: {Different} norms in different nations},
year = {1991},
doi = {10.1515/9783110888140},
}
Michael Clyne (ed.). 1991. Pluricentric languages: Different norms in different nations (Contributions to the Sociology of Language 62). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI: 10.1515/9783110888140.
The journal name is capitalized in title case (capitalize all lexical words) in English.
Do not use braces to protect capitals in the journal name; this is not necessary.
A non-English journal name can be written with that language’s conventional capitalization and
punctuation even in Latin script.
The journal volume and number are numerals, conventionally.
The number is the issue number within a volume.
The volume is an arabic numeral, conventionally, but some journals use capital roman numerals
for the volume.
Joint volumes or issues are common.
Use the journal’s style of punctuation mark, e.g. & or / or en dash --, for a joint
volume or number.
If the journal does not organize itself into volumes and instead has sequentially numbered issues,
often called numbers, maybe more than one per year or not every year, then use the volume field
for this numbering, even if the journal calls it a number.
By using the volume field, this number will not be printed in parentheses in the reference.
For a @journal entry , use the number field only if the volume field is used first.
A book volume in a multi-volume collection is conventionally written as e.g.
“Main title of multi-volume collection. Vol. 3: Title of volume in multi-volume collection”.
Sometimes this is writen as e.g. “Title of multi-volume collection: A subtitle, vol. 4”.
Use the volume field to ensure that the volume cue, “Vol.” or “vol.”, is in roman, not italic,
while the rest of the title is italic.
Use the maintitle field to separate the title into parts separated by the volume
cue, “Vol. or “vol.”.
Here are BibTeX examples for a book volume in a multi-volume collection, avoiding
“Vol.” or “vol.” in the title or booktitle field.
@book{Smith2000,
editor = {Smith, Alex},
maintitle = {Main title of multi-volume collection},
title = {Title of volume in multi-volume collection},
volume = {3},
publisher = {Language Science Press},
address = {Berlin},
year = {2000},
}
@book{Smith2001,
editor = {Smith, Alex},
title = {Title of multi-volume collection: {A} subtitle},
volume = {4},
publisher = {Language Science Press},
address = {Berlin},
year = {2001},
}
@incollection{Jones2000,
author = {Jones, Pat},
title = {Title of chapter},
pages = {12--34},
editor = {Smith, Alex},
maintitle = {Main title of multi-volume collection},
booktitle = {Title of volume in multi-volume collection},
volume = {3},
publisher = {Language Science Press},
address = {Berlin},
year = {2000},
}
@incollection{Jones2001,
author = {Jones, Pat},
title = {Title of chapter},
pages = {12--34},
editor = {Smith, Alex},
booktitle = {Title of multi-volume collection: A subtitle},
volume = {4},
publisher = {Language Science Press},
address = {Berlin},
year = {2001},
}
Smith, Alex (ed.). 2000. Main title of multi-volume collection. Vol. 3: Title of volume in multi-volume collection. Berlin: Language Science Press.
Smith, Alex (ed.). 2001. Title of multi-volume collection: A subtitle, vol. 4. Berlin: Language Science Press.
Jones, Pat. 2000. Title of chapter. In Alex Smith (ed.), Main title of multi-volume collection. Vol. 3: Title of volume in multi-volume collection, 12–34. Berlin: Language Science Press.
Jones, Pat. 2001. Title of chapter. In Alex Smith (ed.), Title of multi-volume collection: A subtitle, vol. 4, 12–34. Berlin: Language Science Press.
To indicate that cited book is a multi-volume work but only identify the (main) title,
use the note field, e.g. note = {4 volumes}, so that this will be displayed in roman,
not italic as part of the title itself.
@book{Smith2002,
editor = {Smith, Alex},
maintitle = {Main title of multi-volume collection},
note = {4 volumes},
publisher = {Language Science Press},
address = {Berlin},
year = {2002},
}
Smith, Alex (ed.). 2002. Main title of multi-volume collection. 4 volumes. Berlin: Language Science Press.
Identify the degree-granting school for a @phdthesis, @mastersthesis, or @thesis.
If applicable, put the department after the school, e.g.
school = {Carnegie Mellon University, Laboratory for Computational Linguistics},
Identify the institution for a @techreport, when the cited work is better
classified as a @techreport than a @book with a publisher.
If applicable, put the department after the institution, e.g.
institution = {Carnegie Mellon University, Laboratory for Computational Linguistics},
Use address for the city, without indication of state, province, or country.
If a publisher is associated with several cities, give only the first city.
The address should use the English spelling of the city, even if cited work is not in English,
unless you think this looks too weird.
Please provide some address for any BibTeX entry with a publisher, school, organization,
or institution field, even if the city is already evident in that field.
publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
address = {Berlin},
publisher = {John Benjamins},
address = {Amsterdam},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
address = {Oxford},
Do not use the location field.
Use address instead.
For a conference paper, (re)write the booktitle field to include the conference venue (and dates),
or use the address field for the conference venue.
The Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) and the European Language Resources
Association (ELRA) use the address field for the conference location.
* @inproceedings{borstell-2022-introducing,
title = "Introducing the signgloss{R} Package",
author = {B{\"o}rstell, Carl},
editor = "Efthimiou, Eleni and
Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and
Hanke, Thomas and
Hochgesang, Julie A. and
Kristoffersen, Jette and
Mesch, Johanna and
Schulder, Marc",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the LREC2022 10th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Multilingual Sign Language Resources",
month = jun,
year = "2022",
address = "Marseille, France",
publisher = "European Language Resources Association",
url = "https://aclanthology.org/2022.signlang-1.3/",
pages = "16--23",
abstract = "The signglossR package is a library written in the programming language R, intended as an easy-to-use resource for those who work with signed language data and are familiar with R. The package contains a variety of functions designed specifically towards signed language research, facilitating a single-pipeline workflow with R when accessing public language resources remotely (online) or a user{'}s own files and data. The package specifically targets processing of image and video files, but also features some interaction with software commonly used by researchers working on signed language and gesture, such as ELAN and OpenPose. The signglossR package combines features and functionality from many other libraries and tools in order to simplify and collect existing resources in one place, as well as adding some new functionality, and adapt everything to the needs of researchers working with visual language data. In this paper, the main features of this package are introduced."
}
@inproceedings{borstell-2022-langsci,
title = {Introducing the signgloss{R} package},
author = {Börstell, Carl},
editor = {Efthimiou, Eleni and Fotinea, Stavroula-Evita and Hanke, Thomas and Hochgesang, Julie A. and Kristoffersen, Jette and Mesch, Johanna and Schulder, Marc},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the {LREC2022 10th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages}: {M}ultilingual Sign Language Resources, {M}arseille, {F}rance, 20-25 {J}une},
year = {2022},
address = {Paris},
publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
url = {https://aclanthology.org/2022.signlang-1.3/},
pages = {16--23},
series = {SingLang},
}
*Börstell, Carl. 2022. Introducing the signglossR package. In Eleni Efthimiou, Stavroula-Evita Fotinea, Thomas Hanke, Julie A. Hochgesang, Jette Kristoffersen, Johanna Mesch & Marc Schulder (eds.), Proceedings of the lrec2022 10th workshop on the representation and processing of sign languages: Multilingual sign language resources, 16–23. Marseille, France: European Language Resources Association. https://aclanthology.org/2022.signlang-1.3/.
Börstell, Carl. 2022. Introducing the signglossR package. In Eleni Efthimiou, Stavroula-Evita Fotinea, Thomas Hanke, Julie A. Hochgesang, Jette Kristoffersen, Johanna Mesch & Marc Schulder (eds.), Proceedings of the LREC2022 10th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Multilingual sign language resources, Marseille, France, 20-25 June (SingLang), 16–23. Paris: European Language Resources Association. https://aclanthology.org/2022.signlang-1.3/.
To provide the edition number for a book, set edition to a numeral.
Or provide more information as text.
If the edition value is a numeral, e.g. edition = {2},, then an ordinal version of that number
is printed in the reference with the cue “edn.”, e.g. “2nd edn.”.
If the edition value is any other text, then that text is printed in the reference after the
title.
Do not use the title, booktitle, or note fields for edition information.
@book{Croft2023,
address = {Cambridge},
author = {Croft, William},
edition = {2},
series = {Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {Typology and universals},
year = {2003},
doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511840579},
}
@book{Ong2012,
address = {New York},
author = {Ong, Walter J.},
edition = {30th anniversary edition},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {Orality and literacy: {T}he technologizing of the word},
year = {2012}
}
William Croft. 2003. Typology and universals. 2nd edn. (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511840579.
Walter J. Ong. 2012. Orality and literacy: The technologizing of the word. 30th anniversary edition. New York: Routledge.
Provide a DOI in the doi field whenever a DOI is available for the referenced work.
Provide only the DOI itself, e.g. 10.0001/1234567, not an address like
https://doi.org/10.0001/1234567.
doi = {10.0001/1234567},
* doi = {doi: 10.0001/1234567},
* doi = {https://doi.org/10.0001/1234567},
* doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.0001/1234567},
Use the url feld for a handle, even though the doi resolver sometimes works with a handle.
url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10045/53587},
* doi = {10045/53587}
Provide an URL in the url field when the referenced work is available at that URL address.
A DOI is strongly preferred over an URL; do not provide an URL if a DOI is available.
Use a complete URL, with the prefix https:// or http://, not just a domain.
Provide an urldate only if the URL is time-sensitive, or not likely permanent.
Do not provide an urldate for stable URLs, such as those at jstor.org or those provided by
a publisher.
Do not use urldate for the date accessed or date retrieved if the URL is stable.
When referencing a software package with a version number, do not provide an urldate for the URL.
For any urldate, use the numeric format yyyy-mm-dd, e.g. urldate = {2024-12-25}
in the BibTeX entry.
In the reference list, the urldate is displayed by the Language Science Press bibliography style
as e.g. “(25 December, 2024)” at the end of the reference.
Do/Do not use the note field to provide information that could be provided in the
url and uldate fields.
Use the urldate field to specify a day and month of publication of the reference,
if this is essential for the reference. Usually, only the year is required for a reference.
Please trim the url value to its clean, stable form.
Remove any inessential parts after ?, &, or # such as search terms, tracking codes,
or text highlights.
The type field is used with thesis entries (@thesis, @phdthesis or @mastersthesis)
or a @techreport entry to specify or override the default label or cue to describe the
type of work it is within that entry.
Use the type field to specify a custom thesis type with @thesis, or with @phdthesis or @mastersthesis to override the default thesis cue.
This is useful for theses and dissertations from non-U.S. schools, as well as
undergraduate theses and papers.
Do not qualify a thesis or dissertation as “unpublished” just because it is not publicly
archived or indexed (this is APA style).
type = {Doktorarbeit},
type = {Dissertação de doutorado},
type = {Mémoire de maîtrise},
type = {BA thesis},
@thesis{Ashby2016,
author = {Ashby, Michael George},
school = {University of Oxford},
address = {Oxford},
title = {Experimental phonetics in {Britain}, 1890--1940},
year = {2016},
type = {DPhil thesis},
url = {https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d8bbffae-8a4e-478e-ba65-0f5a5bbd66e1},
}
Ashby, Michael George. 2016. Experimental phonetics in Britain, 1890–1940. Oxford, University of Oxford. (DPhil thesis). https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d8bbffae-8a4e-478e-ba65-0f5a5bbd66e1.
Without specifying a type of thesis, the default cues are
“Doctoral dissertation” for @phdthesis and “MA thesis” for @mastersthesis.
@phdthesis{Ashby2016,
author = {Ashby, Michael George},
school = {University of Oxford},
address = {Oxford},
title = {Experimental phonetics in {Britain}, 1890--1940},
year = {2016},
url = {https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d8bbffae-8a4e-478e-ba65-0f5a5bbd66e1},
}
@mastersthesis,{Smith2007,
author = {Smith, Rebecca Dow},
title = {The noun class system of {U̱t-Ma'in}: {A} {West Kainji} language of {Nigeria}},
address = {Grand Forks},
school = {University of North Dakota},
year = {2007},
url = {https://commons.und.edu/theses/4476/},
Ashby, Michael George. 2016. Experimental phonetics in Britain, 1890–1940. Oxford: University of Oxford. (Doctoral dissertation). https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d8bbffae-8a4e-478e-ba65-0f5a5bbd66e1.
Smith, Rebecca Dow. 2007. The noun class system of U̱t-Ma’in: A West Kainji language of Nigeria. Grand Forks: University of North Dakota. (MA thesis). https://commons.und.edu/theses/4476/.
Use the type field to specify a custom type of a @techreport entry, to override the
default “Tech. rep.”.
%Encoding: utf-8
@article{MalingZaenen1985,
author = {Maling, Joan and Zaenen, Annie},
year = {1985},
title = {Preposition-stranding and passive},
journal = {Nordic Journal of Linguistics},
volume = {8},
number = {2},
pages = {197--209},
doi = {10.1017/S0332586500001335},
}
@phdthesis{Yu2003,
address = {Berkeley},
author = {Yu, Alan Chi Lun},
school = {University of California},
title = {The morphology and phonology of infixation},
shorttitle = {Morpology Africa},
year = {2003},
url = {https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4ds6q618},
}
...