Jnoid

This is a functional reactive programming library in Coffescript to use in browser or Node.js applications. It owes the idea to Bacon.js, but should describe the domain in proper terms, have less operations in primitives and be shorter and simpler.

Jnoid = {
  VERSION: "0.0.1"
}

The core idea is having an abstraction of Stream which is a discrete sequence of values and an abstraction of a Box which is a continous time-varying value, both of which you can subscribe on.

Maybe and Events

We'll slightly extend the famous Maybe idiom to support error values. Now it's a sum of Maybe and Either and can be described as Maybe = Just x | Wrong y | Nothing.

class Maybe

class Just extends Maybe
  constructor: (@value) ->
  getOrElse: -> @value
  filter: (f) -> if @test(f) then @ else Nothing
  test: (f) -> f @value
  map: (f) -> new Just(f @value)
  isEmpty: -> false
  inspect: -> "Just #{@value}"

class Bad extends Maybe
  getOrElse: (some)-> some
  filter: (f) -> @
  test: (f) -> true
  map: (f) -> @
  isEmpty: -> true

class Wrong extends Bad
  constructor: (@error) ->
  inspect: -> "Wrong #{@error}"

Nothing = new class extends Bad
  constructor: ->
  inspect: -> "Nothing"

Event class will be just a type alias for it.

[Event, Fire, Error, Stop] = [Maybe, Just, Wrong, Nothing]
toEvent = (x) -> if x instanceof Event then x else new Fire x
toError = (x) -> if x instanceof Event then x else new Error x

Observable

The point is that we can abstract from Stream and Box and define a common behavior, calling it Observable.

Class Observable will be determined via a subscribe function. This function should receive a subscriber or sink function as an argument and call it whenever event is fired. This enables push semantics for Stream and Box.

There are two ways to unsubscribe. First is to call function that subscribe returns. Second is return Reply.stop from event listener.

class Observable
  constructor: (subscribe)->
    @subscribe = @dispatched subscribe

dispathed is a function that makes Observable abstract and will hold the actual implementation differences between Stream and Box. If you are interested in dispatched, check it's implementations there.

  dispatched: fail

A basic ways to listen to Observable are onValue and onError. While subscribe sends raw events, onValue unwraps them in case they hold values and deliver them to the subscriber.

  onValue: (f) ->
    @subscribe (event) ->
      event.map((v)-> f(v)).getOrElse(Reply.more)

onError does roughly the same as onValue, but is selecting errors and unwraps them.

  onError: (f) ->
    @subscribe (event) ->
      if event instanceof Error
        f event.error
      else
        Reply.more

We can now define basic transforms. Start with map and filter. We can see common pattern there, it's abstracted in withHandler.

  withHandler: (handler)->
    new @constructor @dispatched(@subscribe, handler)

  map: (f)->
    @withHandler (event)-> @push event.map(f)

  filter: (f)->
    @withHandler (event)-> if event.test(f) then @push event else Reply.more

A useful combinator is recover, with will turn errors into regular events using transform function.

  recover: (f)->
    @withHandler (event) ->
      if event instanceof Error
        @push new Fire f(event.error)
      else
        @push event

The most powerful combinator in our case is flatMap. It accepts a function that turns each of the values in observable to a new observable. We then return a new Observable that will combine them.

The first way to combine them is to just collect all the events from the spawned childen. This matches the semantics of Stream and will allow us to produce merge.

Another way to combine events is to unsubscribe all the existing children, when a new event occurs on root, then spawn a new one and just listen to it. You can think of it as swiching from one observable to another one. This matches the semantics of Box and will allow us to produce zip.

  flatMapGeneric: (f, lastOnly) ->
    root = this
    new @constructor (sink) ->
      children = []
      rootStop = false
      unsubRoot = ->
      unsubChildren = ->
        unsubChild() for unsubChild in children
        children = []
      unbind = ->
        unsubChildren()
        unsubRoot()
      checkStop = ->
        if rootStop and (children.length == 0)
          sink Stop
      spawner = (event) ->
        if event == Stop
          rootStop = true
          checkStop()
        else
          unsubChildren() if lastOnly
          if event instanceof Error
            sink event
          else
            child = f event.value
            unsubChild = undefined
            childStopped = false
            removeChild = ->
              remove(unsubChild, children) if unsubChild?
              checkStop()
            handler = (event) ->
              if event == Stop
                removeChild()
                childStopped = true
                Reply.stop
              else
                tap sink(event), (reply)->
                  unbind() if reply == Reply.stop
            unsubChild = child.subscribe handler
            children.push unsubChild if not childStopped
      unsubRoot = root.subscribe(spawner)
      unbind

  flatMapAll: (f)-> @flatMapGeneric(f, false)
  flatMapLast: (f)-> @flatMapGeneric(f, true)

We can also define skipDuplicates which is extremely useful.

  withStateMachine: (initState, f) ->
    state = initState
    @withHandler (event) ->
      [newState, outputs] = f(state, event)
      state = newState
      stopped = any outputs,
                (output)=> @push(output) == Reply.stop
      if stopped then Reply.stop else Reply.more

  skipDuplicates: (isEqual = (a, b) -> a is b) ->
    @withStateMachine Nothing, (prev, event) ->
      event.map((v)->
        if prev == Nothing || !prev.test((p)-> isEqual(v, p))
          [new Just(v), [event]]
        else
          [prev, []]
      ).getOrElse [prev, [event]]

From withStateMachine we can easily define scan:

  scan: (initState, f) ->
    @withStateMachine initState, (acc, event)->
      newAcc = event.map((v)->f(acc, v)).getOrElse(acc)
      [newAcc, [toEvent newAcc]]

Always good in UI there is an option to debounce:

  debounce: (delay)->
    @flatMapLast (value)=>
      @constructor.later delay, value

Let's do take and takeWhile:

  take: (n)->
    return @constructor.nothing() if n <= 0
    @withHandler (event) ->
      unless event instanceof Fire
        @push event
      else
        n--
        if n > 0
          @push event
        else
          @push event if n == 0
          @push Stop
          Reply.stop

  takeWhile: (f)->
    @withHandler (event) ->
      if event.test(f)
        @push event
      else
        @push Stop
        Reply.stop

takeUntil is going to be slightly more complicated - it's going to listen to one stream till an event on another appears. A very useful one:

  takeUntil: (other)->
    source = this
    stopper = other.changes()
    new @constructor (sink)->
      unsubSource = ->
      unsubStopper = ->
      unbind = ->
        unsubSource()
        unsubStopper()

      transport = (event)->
        sink event
        unbind() if event == Stop
      watcher = (event)->
        sink Stop
        unbind()

      unsubSource = source.subscribe(transport)
      unsubStopper = stopper.subscribe(watcher)
      unbind

A helper method for boolean algebra (others are map2 based methods and so are just applicable to box):

  not: -> @map (x)-> !x

How to build observables

---

The basic ways to build an observable are nothing, unit and error. In Stream semantics they mean never, once and error, in Box semantics they mean empty, always and error. We won't create the aliases and give these names to get you the feel of what they mean.

  @fromList: (values, wrapper = toEvent)->
    new @ (sink) ->
      sink event for event in map wrapper, values
      sink Stop

  @nothing: -> @fromList []
  @unit: (value)-> @fromList [value]
  @error: (value)-> @fromList [value], toError

fromBinder just adds a syntax sugar for us to easily define more sophisticated constructors.

  @fromBinder: (binder, transform = id) ->
    new @ (sink) ->
      unbinder = binder (args...) ->
        events = toArray transform args...
        for event in map toEvent, events
          tap sink(event), (reply)->
            unbinder() if event == Stop or reply == Reply.stop

poll polls a function within given interval.

  @poll: (delay, poll) ->
    @fromBinder (handler) ->
      i = setInterval(handler, delay)
      -> clearInterval(i)
    , poll

interval and later send a fixed list of events or one event respectively within given interval.

  @interval: (delay, list)->
    index = 0
    @poll delay, ->
      value = list[index++]
      if index < list.length
        value
      else if index == list.length
        [value, Stop]
      else
        Stop

  @later: (delay, value)->
    @interval(delay, [value])

Let's also define a function that works on promises, e.g., ajax. The resource releasing here for ajax is abort. We should also handle promise errors here. In a transform function we attach end to our stream.

  @fromPromise: (promise) ->
    @fromBinder (handler) ->
      promise.then handler, (e) ->
        handler new Error e
      -> promise.abort?()
    , (value) -> [value, Stop]

Finally let's define the way to receive events from DOM objects. We'll do it assuming we're called in jQuery/Zepto fashion.

We allow to override transform - by default it'll take the first argument, which is usually a jQuery event. We use on to subscribe and off to unsubscribe.

  @fromDOM: (element, event, selector, transform) ->
    [transform, selector] = [selector, null] if isFunction(selector)

    @fromBinder (handler) =>
      element.on(event, selector, handler)
      => element.off(event, selector, handler)
    , transform

Stream

Class Stream represents a disrete sequence of values, coupled with time. So it uses the appropriate dispatcher to do it.

Dispatcher activates the listeners when a first sink is added and then just adds them. On each event it just pushes it to all sinks.

class StreamDispatcher
  constructor: (subscribe, handler) ->
    subscribe ?= (event) ->
    sinks = []
    @push = (event) =>
      for sink in sinks
        tap sink(event), (reply)->
          remove sink, sinks if reply == Reply.stop
    handler ?= (event) -> @push event
    @handler = (event) => handler.apply(this, [event])
    @subscribe = (sink) =>
      sinks.push(sink)
      unsubSelf = subscribe @handler if sinks.length == 1
      ->
        remove sink, sinks
        unsubSelf?() unless any sinks

To have Stream class we just need to override abstract dispatched method from the base class to use StreamDispatcher.

class Stream extends Observable
  dispatched: (subscribe, handler)->
    new StreamDispatcher(subscribe, handler).subscribe

For this class we can have flatMap aka bind. In our case it's flatMapAll.

  flatMap: (args...)-> @flatMapAll(args...)

Having this we can easily have merge.

  merge: (others...)->
    Stream.fromList(map method("changes"), [@, others...]).flatten()
  flatten: -> @flatMap(id)

Using Stream when we need Box

To make it transparent for a user, is this stream or box, we proxy the box methods to box. First we define a conversion method with an optional starting value.

  box: (initial = Nothing)->
    initial = toMaybe(initial)
    new Box (sink)=>
      sink initial unless initial.isEmpty()
      @subscribe (event)-> sink event
  changes: -> @

We could also define a new stream with initial value merged to the beginning, but the current code is simple enough.

All proxy methods are trivial.

  zipWith: (others..., f)-> @box().zipWith(others..., f)
  and: (others...)-> @box().and(others...)
  or: (others...)-> @box().or(others...)
  not: -> @box().not()

Box

Class Box represents continuous value that changes with time. So we need a slightly tweaked dispatcher. The difference is that it holds the current value and sends it to each new subscriber. Another difference is that even when the Box is ended, it still sends the last value and then immediately sends stop

class BoxDispatcher extends StreamDispatcher
  constructor: (subscribe, handler) ->
    super subscribe, handler
    current = Nothing
    push = @push
    subscribe = @subscribe
    stopped = false

    @push = (event) =>
      event.map((x) -> current = new Just x)
      stopped = true if event == Stop
      push.apply(this, [event])
    @subscribe = (sink) =>
      reply = current.map((v)-> sink new Fire v)
      if reply.getOrElse(Reply.more) == Reply.stop
        nop
      else if stopped
        sink Stop
        nop
      else
        subscribe.apply(@, [sink])

Now class Box is going to use that dispatcher.

class Box extends Observable
  dispatched: (subscribe, handler)->
    new BoxDispatcher(subscribe, handler).subscribe

For this class we can have flatMap aka bind. In our case it's flatMapLast.

  flatMap: (args...)-> @flatMapLast(args...)

With this flatMap we can define a glorious map2, also known as zipWith for two boxes.

  map2: (other, f)->
    @flatMap (x)-> other.box().map (y)-> f(x, y)

Having this, zipWith is easy.

  @sequence: (boxes)->
    foldl boxes, @unit([]), (acc, box)->
      acc.map2 box, (memo, value)-> append memo, value
  @zipWith: (boxes, f)->
    @sequence(boxes).map uncurry f
  zipWith: (others..., f)->
    Box.zipWith [@, others...], f

Helpful would be to define boolean algebra over boxes. not is defined on Observable.

  and: (others...)-> @zipWith others..., (a, b)-> a && b
  or: (others...)-> @zipWith others..., (a, b)-> a || b

An interesting sampledBy function should take a property and stream it's value when sampler pops:

  sampledBy: (sampler)->
    sampler.flatMap(=> @take(1)).changes()

Using Box when we need Stream

To convert Box into Stream we take it's changes.

  changes: ->
    new Stream (sink)=>
      @subscribe (event)-> sink event
  box: -> @

Here are the proxy methods.

  merge: (others...)-> @changes().merge(others...)

Helpers

Pretty trivial special values to return from event listeners.

Reply =
  stop: "<stop>"
  more: "<more>"

We need some simple helper functions.

empty = (xs)-> xs.length == 0
method = (meth)-> (obj)-> obj[meth]()
nop = ->
id = (x)-> x
fail = -> throw "method not implemented"
head = (xs) -> xs[0]
tail = (xs) -> xs[1...xs.length]
uncurry = (f) -> (args)-> f(args...)
map = (f, xs) -> f(x) for x in xs
foldl = (xs, seed, f) ->
  for x in xs
    seed = f(seed, x)
  seed
tap = (x, f) ->
  f(x)
  x
remove = (x, xs) ->
  i = xs.indexOf(x)
  xs.splice(i, 1) if i >= 0
all = (xs, f = id) ->
  for x in xs
    return false if not f(x)
  return true
any = (xs, f = id) ->
  for x in xs
    return true if f(x)
  return false
copyArray = (xs)-> xs.slice()
append = (xs, x)-> tap copyArray(xs), (copy)-> copy.push x
isFunction = (f) -> typeof f == "function"
toArray = (x) -> if x instanceof Array then x else [x]
toMaybe = (x) ->
  if x instanceof Maybe then x else new Just x

Exports

We now need to make our objects usable outside.

for name, value of {Stream, Box, Event, Fire, Error, Stop,
                                 Maybe, Just, Wrong, Nothing}
  Jnoid[name] = value

if define?.amd
  define [], -> Jnoid
else if module?.exports
  module.exports = Jnoid
else
  @Jnoid = Jnoid

Conclusion

Have fun!