Upload recursion homework (2)

homeworks/13_Ivaylo_Genchev/02_grayscale_matrix_areas.py

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+from random import randint  # generate random values in a matrix
+from dataclasses import dataclass  # cell class
+
+"""
+Задача 1:
+Графично изображение е представено с матрица от m реда и n колони. Клетките на
+матрицата, във всяка от които е записана целочислена стойност от 0 до 255, съответстват на пикселите
+в графичното изображение (формат grayscale).
+Всяка клетка в матрицата има до 8 съседа — до 4 по диагонал, до два, разположени хоризонтално,
+и до два – вертикално.
+Област в изображението е непрекъсната последователност от съседни клетки с ненулеви стойности.
+Черните елементи, представени със стойност 0, се считат за контури на областите. Така, една област се
+определя от граница от нулеви елементи и границите на матрицата.
+Дефинирайте функция, `avg_brightness` която получава като аргумент матрица от посочения вид и
+извежда на стандартния изход средната яркост на всяка от областите, сортирани в низходящ
+ред според яркостта. Средна яркост на дадената област се изчислява като средно-аритметично на
+стойностите на всички клетки (пиксели), образуващи областта. За всяка област изведете координатите
+на една произволна клетка от нея и средната яркост на областта.
+"""
+
+
+@dataclass
+class Cell:
+    row: int
+    column: int
+    value: int
+    is_accessed: bool = False  # prevent getting the same area twice
+
+    def __int__(self):
+        return self.value
+
+
+class Matrix:
+    def __init__(self, rows: int, columns: int, contour_chance: int):
+        """Generate a random grayscale matrix rowsXcolumns where figurations have a contour_chance to appear over any brightness."""
+        if rows < 1:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Invalid value {rows}. 'rows' has to be a positive integer."
+            )
+
+        if columns < 1:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Invalid value {columns}. 'columns' has to be a positive integer."
+            )
+
+        if contour_chance < 1 or contour_chance > 100:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Invalid value {contour_chance}. 'contour_chance' has to be a positive integer."
+            )
+
+        self.grayscale_matrix: list[list[Cell]] = [
+            [
+                Cell(row=m, column=n, value=0)
+                if randint(1, 100) < contour_chance
+                else Cell(row=m, column=n, value=randint(0, 255))
+                for n in range(0, columns)
+            ]
+            for m in range(0, rows)
+        ]
+        self.rows = rows
+        self.columns = columns
+
+    def surrounding_cells(self, cell: Cell) -> list[Cell]:
+        """Get a list of cells surrounding a cell."""
+        surrounding: list[Cell] = []
+
+        if cell.row != 0:  # upper
+            surrounding.append(self.grayscale_matrix[cell.row - 1][cell.column])
+            if cell.column != 0:  # upper left
+                surrounding.append(self.grayscale_matrix[cell.row - 1][cell.column - 1])
+            if cell.column < self.columns - 1:  # upper right
+                surrounding.append(self.grayscale_matrix[cell.row - 1][cell.column + 1])
+
+        if cell.row < self.rows - 1:  # bottom
+            surrounding.append(self.grayscale_matrix[cell.row + 1][cell.column])
+            if cell.column != 0:  # bottom left
+                surrounding.append(self.grayscale_matrix[cell.row + 1][cell.column - 1])
+            if cell.column < self.columns - 1:  # bottom right
+                surrounding.append(self.grayscale_matrix[cell.row + 1][cell.column + 1])
+
+        if cell.column != 0:  # left
+            surrounding.append(self.grayscale_matrix[cell.row][cell.column - 1])
+
+        if cell.column < self.columns - 1:  # right
+            surrounding.append(self.grayscale_matrix[cell.row][cell.column + 1])
+
+        return surrounding
+
+    def get_area(self, cell: Cell, area: list[Cell], total_brightness: int = 0) -> int:
+        """
+        Get a list of all cells surrounded by contours (cells with no brightness).
+        List is written in 'area'.
+        Function returns total brightness of all cells in the area.
+        """
+
+        if cell.is_accessed == False and cell.value != 0:
+            # append cell if it hasn't been accessed (avoid repeats) and isn't a contour
+            area.append(cell)
+            cell.is_accessed = True
+            total_brightness += cell.value
+
+            for surrounding in self.surrounding_cells(cell):
+                total_brightness = self.get_area(surrounding, area, total_brightness)
+
+        return total_brightness
+
+    def avg_brightness(self):
+        """Calculate average brightness of all areas."""
+
+        areas: list[tuple[tuple[Cell], int]] = []
+
+        for row in self.grayscale_matrix:
+            for cell in row:
+                if cell.is_accessed == False and cell.value != 0:  # redundant
+                    area: list[Cell] = []
+                    total_brightness: int = self.get_area(cell, area)
+
+                    # append area tuple and avrg brightness
+                    areas.append((tuple(area), total_brightness / len(area)))
+
+        # sort new list based on average brightness in descending order
+        areas.sort(reverse=True, key=lambda x: x[1])
+
+        # print info
+        for area_info in areas:
+            print("-----------------------------------------------------------")
+            print(f"Cells in area: {len(area_info[0])}")
+            random_cell: Cell = area_info[0][randint(0, len(area_info[0]) - 1)]
+            print(
+                f"Random cell ({random_cell.value}): ({random_cell.row},{random_cell.column})"
+            )
+            print(f"Average brightness: {round(area_info[1], 2)}")
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        matrix_str: str = ""
+        most_number_digits: int = 3
+
+        for row in self.grayscale_matrix:
+            for cell in row:
+
+                matrix_str += f" {cell.value}{(most_number_digits - len(str(cell.value)) + 1) * ' '}"
+            matrix_str += "\n\n\n"
+
+        return matrix_str
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    matrix: Matrix = Matrix(rows=8, columns=8, contour_chance=70)
+    print(matrix)
+    matrix.avg_brightness()

homeworks/13_Ivaylo_Genchev/02_reach_ladder_position.py

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+from inspect import get_annotations  # type check function arguments
+
+# check python version (differt ways to type check annotations)
+from sys import version_info
+
+"""
+Дадена е стълба с N >= 2 стъпала. Стоим в началото на стълбата и можем да качим 1 или 2 стъпала наведнъж. 
+Да се напише функция, `num_ways` която по подадено N връща броя на начини по които можем да изкачим стълбата - т.е. да стъпим на N-тото стъпало.
+Пример: при N = 2 функцията връща 2 - можем да минем по всяко стъпало (начин 1) или да се качим директно на второто (начин 2)
+при N=3 функцията връща 3 - можем да качим трите стъпала едно по едно (начин 1), да изкачим 1 стъпало и осналите наведнъж (начин 2) или да изкачим първите 2 стъпала наведнъж и после третото (начин 3)
+"""
+
+
+def num_ways(steps: int) -> int:
+    """
+    Function to calculate the amount of different ways a ladder can be climbed to the nth step.
+    Acts as an error handler.
+    """
+
+    # N cannot be less than 2 (according to task requirement)
+    if steps < 2:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Invalid input '{steps}'. Amount of steps to climb must be greater than 1."
+        )
+
+    if version_info[1] < 10:  # get minor python version (for type checking)
+        # PEP compliant way to access annotations before 3.10
+        if type(steps) != num_ways.__annotations__["steps"]:
+            raise TypeError(f"Argument 'steps' cannot be of type {type(steps)}.")
+    else:  # 3.10+
+        # PEP compliant way to access annotatinos (3.10+)
+        if type(steps) != get_annotations(num_ways)["steps"]:
+            raise TypeError(f"Argument 'steps' cannot be of type {type(steps)}.")
+
+    def calculate_ways(remaining_steps: int, ways_amount: int = 0) -> int:
+        """Recursively calculate the amount of ways N steps can be climbed."""
+
+        # exit condition
+        if remaining_steps < 0:
+            # don't change ways_amount due invalid movement (1 step was remaining but 2 were climbed)
+            return ways_amount
+        elif remaining_steps == 0:
+            return ways_amount + 1
+
+        # try to climb steps 1 and 2 at a time
+        ways_amount = calculate_ways(remaining_steps - 1, ways_amount)
+        ways_amount = calculate_ways(remaining_steps - 2, ways_amount)
+
+        return ways_amount
+
+    return calculate_ways(steps)
+
+
+def fibonacci(n: int) -> int:
+    """
+    Calculate the next fibonacci number.
+    Could be faster if a precomputed dict of the fibonacci sequence is used.
+    """
+
+    # type check
+    if version_info[1] < 10:  # get minor python version (for type checking)
+        if type(n) != fibonacci.__annotations__["n"]:
+            # PEP compliant way to access annotations before 3.10
+            raise TypeError(f"Argument 'n' cannot be of type {type(n)}.")
+    else:  # 3.10+
+        if type(n) != get_annotations(fibonacci)["n"]:
+            # PEP compliant way to access annotations (3.10+)
+            raise TypeError(f"Argument 'n' cannot be of type {type(n)}.")
+
+    first: int = 0
+    second: int = 1
+
+    if n < 1:
+        raise ValueError(f"Nth fibonacci number cannot be {n}. Has to be > 1!")
+    elif n == 1:
+        return first
+    elif n == 2:
+        return second
+    else:
+        for i in range(1, n):
+            result: int = first + second
+            first = second
+            second = result
+
+        return second
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    step: int = 5
+    print(f"Standard recursion sollution: {num_ways(step)}")
+    print(
+        f"Using fibonacci sequence (better performance): {fibonacci(step+1)}"
+    )  # step+1 because first fibonacci number is 0, essentially callibrating the function

homeworks/13_Ivaylo_Genchev/02_replace_collection_items.py

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+"""
+Задача 3:
+Даден е Python списък от елементи - низове, числа, списъци (вкл. като този), наредени н-торки. Да се напише функция `replace` с 3 аргумента - `list`, `find`, `replace`,  където list e писък от типа по-горе, a find и replace са низове. Функцията връща нова версия на `list` в която всяко срещане на `find` e заменено  с `replace`.
+Пример:
+list = [ 'a', 1, [ ['a', 'b'], 1], ([1, 3, 'a'], 'b')]
+res = replace(list, 'a', 'c')
+print(res) # => [ 'c', 1, [ ['c', 'b'], 1], ([1, 3, 'c'], 'b')]
+"""
+
+
+def replace(
+    collection: list[str | int | list | tuple] | tuple[str | int | list | tuple],
+    find: str | int,
+    new: str | int,
+) -> list[str | int | list | tuple] | tuple[str | int | list | tuple]:
+    """Replace all occurances of 'find' in 'collection' with 'new'."""
+
+    # copy list (preserve original as immutable)
+    if isinstance(collection, list):
+        new_collection = collection.copy()
+    elif isinstance(collection, tuple):
+        new_collection = list(collection)  # make tuple mutable
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(f"unsupported type: {type(collection)}")
+
+    # iterate over all elements inside the list
+    for i, element in enumerate(new_collection):
+        # replace if element value is equal to find
+        if element == find:
+            new_collection[i] = new
+        # if element is iterable, iterate over it the same way
+        # since strings are iterable, they could cause infinite recursion
+        elif hasattr(element, "__iter__") and not isinstance(element, str):
+            if isinstance(element, tuple) or isinstance(collection, tuple):
+                # convert element to tuple (if it has been converted to list)
+                new_collection[i] = tuple(replace(element, find, new))
+            else:
+                new_collection[i] = replace(element, find, new)
+
+    return new_collection
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    collection: list[str | int | list | tuple] = [
+        "a",
+        1,
+        [["a", "b"], 1],
+        ([1, 3, "a"], "b"),
+    ]
+    find: str = "a"
+    new: str = "c"
+
+    res = replace(collection, find, new)
+    print(f"Unchanged collection: {collection}")
+    print(f"Having replaced '{find}' with '{new}': {res}")  # => [ 'c', 1, [ ['c', 'b'], 1], ([1, 3, 'c'], 'b')]