Adopt uv, ruff, pre-commit, and CI tooling

[mshettyFE]

• Migrate dependency management to uv (uv.lock; consolidate metadata into pyproject [project]; remove setup.py/setup.cfg). Build backend unchanged (setuptools.build_meta) — release pipeline untouched. We want this because uv is a lot faster than alternatives like conda/pip
• Adopt ruff for lint + format and apply across the codebase. lint flags any obvious errors/dropped threads (unused dependencies, unused local variables etc.).
• Format is just so that the codebase complies with PEP8 style guide; purely mechanical and doesn't change runtime behavior. This is the main reason why the diff is so large
• Add pre-commit hooks and CI (pre-commit + pytest). Ensures that you can't forget to run the linter and formatter when committing and that the tests must pass before pushing to the github repo
• Accuracy test passes. formatter modified it, but its' functionality is unchanged

[mshettyFE]

It should also be noted that I plan on adding pyright (re: static checker) if the above gets merged. The nature of that cleanup pass would require more through testing on my part to ensure that no semantics of the program break. The above changes, by their design, should not change the program's functionality in any way (please verify this though).