feat: bump verilator to v5.052

[ngc7331]

Tested using OpenXiangShan/XiangShan@c0ca464 on 9684X w/ 1TB mem:

• verilating: 2x speed
• cxx: almost unchanged
• run: slightly faster

=== Summary ===
Verilator version: Verilator 5.048 2026-04-26 rev v5.048
Clang version: Ubuntu clang version 19.1.1 (1ubuntu1~24.04.2)
Verilator compilation user time:
  Times: 902.98 892.63 895.00
  Average: 896.87 seconds
  Standard Deviation: 4.42 seconds
Verilator compilation wall time::
  Times: 986.69 979.13 976.96
  Average: 980.92 seconds
  Standard Deviation: 5.51 seconds
C++ compilation time user time:
  Times: 3675.72 3631.18 3589.69
  Average: 3632.19 seconds
  Standard Deviation: 35.81 seconds
C++ compilation time wall time:
  Times: 279.88 273.95 271.70
  Average: 275.17 seconds
  Standard Deviation: 3.94 seconds
EMU run time:
  Times: 152.53 149.13 149.44
  Average: 150.36 seconds
  Standard Deviation: 2.08 seconds

=== Summary ===
Verilator version: Verilator 5.052 2026-09-05 rev v5.052
Clang version: Ubuntu clang version 19.1.1 (1ubuntu1~24.04.2)
Verilator compilation user time:
  Times: 424.75 424.89 433.98
  Average: 427.87 seconds
  Standard Deviation: 4.63 seconds
Verilator compilation wall time::
  Times: 455.69 456.79 472.98
  Average: 461.82 seconds
  Standard Deviation: 7.90 seconds
C++ compilation time user time:
  Times: 3669.30 3710.90 3692.09
  Average: 3690.76 seconds
  Standard Deviation: 17.71 seconds
C++ compilation time wall time:
  Times: 274.75 276.94 275.32
  Average: 275.67 seconds
  Standard Deviation: .92 seconds
EMU run time:
  Times: 137.53 133.33 134.87
  Average: 135.24 seconds
  Standard Deviation: 1.97 seconds

[ngc7331]

Seems verilator 5.052 does not compile with clang14 or lower that ubuntu 22.04 ships by default.

I'm considering switching to apt.llvm.org and bundle clang19 in all versions of docker images. #107