drivers: sensor: veml6031: add timeout to data-ready polling loop

[nateinaction]

Replace unbounded while(1) loop with timeout-aware polling to prevent indefinite hangs if the sensor fails to signal data-ready. The timeout is calculated from the configured integration time plus a 50ms safety buffer, with a 500ms fallback for invalid settings.

Returns -ETIMEDOUT if data-ready is not received within the timeout period.

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