[codex] add ast_canopy macro define extraction

[isVoid]

Summary

• Adds macro_defines to ast_canopy parse results.
• Exposes macro definitions through C++, pybind11, the Python Declarations dataclass, and the typing stub.
• Extracts retained-file, object-like macro definitions from Clang preprocessor state without a second parser pass.
• Adds tests for object-like macros, empty defines, skipped function-like macros, and retained include filtering.

Validation

• pixi run pytest ast_canopy/tests/test_parse_macro.py
• pixi run pytest ast_canopy/tests/test_parse_from_source.py

Notes

• This branch was created from origin/main in a clean temporary worktree and includes only the ast_canopy macro changes.

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• Commit unit tests in branch codex/ast-canopy-macro-defines

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