DKA model

Cohort:

NDA patients, type 1 diabetes 2022-23Q4

Outcome:

Categorical yes/No: Have they had an emergency admission with DKA as a primary diagnosis in the admitting episode (1st April 2023- 31st March 2024)?

Predictors to use now:

Age (categorical (age group) or continuous)

Siti/Jolene-done distribution

• 5 years age bands
• 10 years age bands
• 5 years age bands up to 65, then 65+
• Unknowns ? (separate category of unknown)

IMD Quintile (categorical)

Siti/Jolene

Gender (categorical)

Siti/Jolene

Ethnicity (categorical)

RW/Chris

• 5 groups
• Unknowns ? (separate category of unknown)

HbA1C (categorical with a threshold or continuous)

Siti/Jolene-done distribution

• For admitted patients: last before admission in the time period
• For non-admitted patients: last in the time period
• Continuous
• Categorical :

Percentage: Normal- Below 5.7% / Prediabetes- 5.7% to 6.4% / Diabetes- 6.5% or above / Unknowns ? (separate category of unknown).

Value: The optimal range for HbA1c is between 30 to 35mmol/mol. Under 39mmol/mol is considered normal. 39 to 47mmol/mol is pre-diabetic. 48mmol/mol and above is diabetic

Predictors to use later:

• BMI (categorical: underweight/normal/overweight/obese)
• BP (categorical: above/below)
• Smoking status
• Insulin method (insulin pump yes/no)
• Care process (how many conducted-time period?)
• Treatment target (how many conducted-time period?)
• Diabetes duration
• Comorbidities (CVD/SMI...etc)