diff --git a/src/stParser.ts b/src/stParser.ts
index eb7fcb1..2493010 100644
--- a/src/stParser.ts
+++ b/src/stParser.ts
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ function parseJsonReport(entry: unknown): StReport | undefined {
     timestamp,
     headline,
     culprit,
-    frames,
+    frames: framesWithoutDuplicateCulprit(culprit, frames),
     block: JSON.stringify(entry, null, 2) + "\n",
   };
 }
@@ -200,6 +200,23 @@ function parseFrame(text: string): StFrame | undefined {
   return line > 0 ? { file: match[1], line, text: text.trim() } : undefined;
 }
 
+function framesWithoutDuplicateCulprit(
+  culprit: StFrame | undefined,
+  frames: StFrame[],
+): StFrame[] {
+  if (!culprit) {
+    return frames;
+  }
+
+  return [
+    culprit,
+    ...frames.filter(
+      (frame) =>
+        frame.file !== culprit.file || frame.line !== culprit.line,
+    ),
+  ];
+}
+
 function isObject(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
   return typeof value === "object" && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value);
 }
@@ -245,7 +262,15 @@ function parseBlock(block: string[]): StReport | undefined {
   if (!culprit && !markedFrameSeen && frames.length > 0) {
     culprit = frames[0];
   }
-  return { id, timestamp, headline, culprit, frames, block: block.join("\n") };
+
+  return {
+    id,
+    timestamp,
+    headline,
+    culprit,
+    frames: framesWithoutDuplicateCulprit(culprit, frames),
+    block: block.join("\n"),
+  };
 }
 
 function stripCr(s: string): string {
diff --git a/src/test/parser.test.ts b/src/test/parser.test.ts
index 411edb0..118ca39 100644
--- a/src/test/parser.test.ts
+++ b/src/test/parser.test.ts
@@ -175,3 +175,73 @@ test("parses unicode filenames and .kts frames", () => {
   assert.equal(reports[1].culprit?.file, "構建.kts");
   assert.equal(reports[1].culprit?.line, 9);
 });
+
+test("deduplicates the culprit location in text and st-json/1 reports", () => {
+  const textContent = [
+    "━━━ ERROR #dedupe-text ━━━ 2026-07-10 20:24:00.000 thread=main ━━━",
+    "IllegalStateException: payment gateway refused",
+    "at PaymentService.charge(PaymentService.java:118) ← YOUR CODE",
+    "stack (distilled, 1 of 1 frames):",
+    "  PaymentService.charge(PaymentService.java:118) ← culprit",
+    "━━━ END #dedupe-text ━━━",
+  ].join("\n");
+
+  const jsonContent = JSON.stringify({
+    type: "report",
+    id: "dedupe-json",
+    ts: "2026-07-10T20:24:00.000Z",
+    error: {
+      type: "IllegalStateException",
+      message: "payment gateway refused",
+      culprit: {
+        frame: "PaymentService.charge(PaymentService.java:118)",
+        appCode: true,
+      },
+    },
+    stack: {
+      shown: 1,
+      total: 1,
+      frames: ["PaymentService.charge(PaymentService.java:118)"],
+    },
+  });
+
+  const textReport = parseReports(textContent)[0];
+  const jsonReport = parseReports(jsonContent)[0];
+
+  const textLocations = textReport.frames.map(
+    (frame) => `${frame.file}:${frame.line}`,
+  );
+  const jsonLocations = jsonReport.frames.map(
+    (frame) => `${frame.file}:${frame.line}`,
+  );
+
+  assert.deepEqual(textLocations, ["PaymentService.java:118"]);
+  assert.deepEqual(jsonLocations, textLocations);
+  assert.match(textReport.frames[0].text, /← YOUR CODE/);
+  assert.match(jsonReport.frames[0].text, /← YOUR CODE/);
+});
+
+test("keeps distinct frames when the culprit is not the top stack frame", () => {
+  const content = [
+    "━━━ ERROR #non-top ━━━ 2026-07-10 20:25:00.000 thread=main ━━━",
+    "IllegalStateException: payment gateway refused",
+    "at PaymentService.charge(PaymentService.java:118) ← YOUR CODE",
+    "stack (distilled, 3 of 3 frames):",
+    "  CheckoutController.submit(CheckoutController.java:31)",
+    "  PaymentService.charge(PaymentService.java:118) ← culprit",
+    "  Worker.run(Worker.java:9)",
+    "━━━ END #non-top ━━━",
+  ].join("\n");
+
+  const report = parseReports(content)[0];
+
+  assert.deepEqual(
+    report.frames.map((frame) => `${frame.file}:${frame.line}`),
+    [
+      "PaymentService.java:118",
+      "CheckoutController.java:31",
+      "Worker.java:9",
+    ],
+  );
+  assert.match(report.frames[0].text, /← YOUR CODE/);
+});