diff --git a/src/core/renderers/webgl/WebGlRenderer.reuseRenderOp.test.ts b/src/core/renderers/webgl/WebGlRenderer.reuseRenderOp.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8bb2f5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/renderers/webgl/WebGlRenderer.reuseRenderOp.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+import { WebGlRenderer } from './WebGlRenderer.js';
+
+/**
+ * Tests for the shader-node batching gate in WebGlRenderer.reuseRenderOp.
+ *
+ * A full renderer needs a live GL context, so the method is exercised on a
+ * minimal fake `this` holding only curRenderOp. Nodes and shader nodes are
+ * plain objects with the fields reuseRenderOp reads.
+ */
+
+const clippingRect = { x: 0, y: 0, w: 0, h: 0, valid: false };
+
+type FakeShaderNode = {
+  shaderKey: string;
+  program: { reuseRenderOp: ReturnType<typeof vi.fn> };
+  uniforms: object;
+  resolvedProps: Record<string, unknown>;
+};
+
+const makeShaderNode = (
+  program: FakeShaderNode['program'],
+  uniforms: object,
+  shaderKey = 'Rounded',
+): FakeShaderNode => ({
+  shaderKey,
+  program,
+  uniforms,
+  resolvedProps: { radius: [16, 16, 16, 16] },
+});
+
+const makeProgram = (batches = true) => ({
+  reuseRenderOp: vi.fn(() => batches),
+});
+
+// Node shape shared by the op anchor and the incoming quad
+const makeNode = (shader: FakeShaderNode) => ({
+  isCoreNode: true,
+  parentHasRenderTexture: false,
+  parentFramebufferDimensions: null,
+  rtt: false,
+  clippingRect,
+  props: { rtt: false, shader },
+  shader,
+});
+
+const reuse = (curRenderOp: unknown, node: unknown): boolean =>
+  WebGlRenderer.prototype.reuseRenderOp.call(
+    { curRenderOp } as WebGlRenderer,
+    node as never,
+  );
+
+describe('WebGlRenderer.reuseRenderOp shader batching', () => {
+  it('rejects when there is no current render op', () => {
+    const shader = makeShaderNode(makeProgram(), {});
+    expect(reuse(null, makeNode(shader))).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it('batches two quads using the same shader node', () => {
+    const shader = makeShaderNode(makeProgram(), {});
+
+    expect(reuse(makeNode(shader), makeNode(shader))).toBe(true);
+    expect(shader.program.reuseRenderOp.mock.calls.length).toBe(1);
+  });
+
+  it('batches distinct shader nodes sharing program and uniform collection', () => {
+    const program = makeProgram();
+    const uniforms = {};
+    const shaderA = makeShaderNode(program, uniforms);
+    const shaderB = makeShaderNode(program, uniforms);
+
+    expect(reuse(makeNode(shaderA), makeNode(shaderB))).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('rejects distinct shader nodes with different uniform collections', () => {
+    const program = makeProgram();
+    const shaderA = makeShaderNode(program, {});
+    const shaderB = makeShaderNode(program, {});
+
+    expect(reuse(makeNode(shaderA), makeNode(shaderB))).toBe(false);
+    // Gate rejects before the program-level prop compare runs
+    expect(program.reuseRenderOp.mock.calls.length).toBe(0);
+  });
+
+  it('rejects equal uniform collections from different programs', () => {
+    // The shader value key does not include the shader type, so a collection
+    // shared across programs (key collision) must never merge draw calls.
+    const uniforms = {};
+    const shaderA = makeShaderNode(makeProgram(), uniforms, 'TypeA');
+    const shaderB = makeShaderNode(makeProgram(), uniforms, 'TypeB');
+
+    expect(reuse(makeNode(shaderA), makeNode(shaderB))).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it('batches default-shader quads without consulting the program', () => {
+    const shaderA = makeShaderNode(makeProgram(), {}, 'default');
+    const shaderB = makeShaderNode(makeProgram(), {}, 'default');
+
+    expect(reuse(makeNode(shaderA), makeNode(shaderB))).toBe(true);
+    expect(shaderA.program.reuseRenderOp.mock.calls.length).toBe(0);
+  });
+
+  it('rejects when clipping rects differ', () => {
+    const shader = makeShaderNode(makeProgram(), {});
+    const node = makeNode(shader);
+    node.clippingRect = { x: 0, y: 0, w: 100, h: 100, valid: true };
+
+    expect(reuse(makeNode(shader), node)).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it('defers to the program-level check for batched shader nodes', () => {
+    const program = makeProgram(false);
+    const uniforms = {};
+    const shaderA = makeShaderNode(program, uniforms);
+    const shaderB = makeShaderNode(program, uniforms);
+
+    // Same program + shared collection passes the gate, but the program can
+    // still veto (e.g. worldAlpha mismatch on a u_alpha shader).
+    expect(reuse(makeNode(shaderA), makeNode(shaderB))).toBe(false);
+    expect(program.reuseRenderOp.mock.calls.length).toBe(1);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/core/renderers/webgl/WebGlRenderer.ts b/src/core/renderers/webgl/WebGlRenderer.ts
index 8bffcf8..f1bbfa9 100644
--- a/src/core/renderers/webgl/WebGlRenderer.ts
+++ b/src/core/renderers/webgl/WebGlRenderer.ts
@@ -640,9 +640,21 @@ export class WebGlRenderer extends CoreRenderer {
       return true;
     }
 
-    // Check if the shader is the same
+    // Distinct shader nodes can still batch when they resolve to the same
+    // program and the value-key cache handed both the same uniform collection:
+    // collections are immutable after fill and shared by reference across
+    // equal value keys, so reference equality implies value equality. This is
+    // the common TV-rail case — many same-size cards, each app-created with
+    // its own shader node but equal props. Program identity is required
+    // because the value key does not include the shader type, so equal
+    // collections from different programs must not merge.
     if (curShader !== shader) {
-      return false;
+      if (
+        curShader.program !== shader.program ||
+        curShader.uniforms !== shader.uniforms
+      ) {
+        return false;
+      }
     }
 
     if (
diff --git a/src/core/renderers/webgl/WebGlShaderProgram.reuseRenderOp.test.ts b/src/core/renderers/webgl/WebGlShaderProgram.reuseRenderOp.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..da10bd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/renderers/webgl/WebGlShaderProgram.reuseRenderOp.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+import { WebGlShaderProgram } from './WebGlShaderProgram.js';
+
+/**
+ * Tests for the batch test in WebGlShaderProgram.reuseRenderOp.
+ *
+ * The program instance is created without running the constructor (which
+ * compiles GLSL against a live GL context); only the fields reuseRenderOp
+ * touches are populated manually.
+ */
+
+type ProgramFlags = {
+  useSystemAlpha?: boolean;
+  useSystemDimensions?: boolean;
+  useTimeValue?: boolean;
+  canBatch?: (node: unknown, op: unknown) => boolean;
+};
+
+const makeProgram = (flags: ProgramFlags = {}): WebGlShaderProgram => {
+  const program = Object.create(
+    WebGlShaderProgram.prototype,
+  ) as WebGlShaderProgram;
+  const p = program as unknown as Record<string, unknown>;
+  p['useSystemAlpha'] = flags.useSystemAlpha === true;
+  p['useSystemDimensions'] = flags.useSystemDimensions === true;
+  p['useTimeValue'] = flags.useTimeValue === true;
+  p['lifecycle'] = { canBatch: flags.canBatch, update: undefined };
+  return program;
+};
+
+type FakeShaderNode = {
+  uniforms: object;
+  resolvedProps: Record<string, unknown> | undefined;
+};
+
+const makeShaderNode = (
+  uniforms: object,
+  resolvedProps?: Record<string, unknown>,
+): FakeShaderNode => ({ uniforms, resolvedProps });
+
+const makeNode = (
+  shader: FakeShaderNode,
+  overrides?: Record<string, unknown>,
+) => ({
+  worldAlpha: 1,
+  w: 200,
+  h: 100,
+  props: { shader },
+  ...overrides,
+});
+
+const makeOp = (shader: FakeShaderNode, overrides?: Record<string, unknown>) =>
+  ({
+    time: 0,
+    worldAlpha: 1,
+    w: 200,
+    h: 100,
+    shader,
+    ...overrides,
+  } as never);
+
+describe('WebGlShaderProgram.reuseRenderOp', () => {
+  it('batches the same shader node without comparing props', () => {
+    const program = makeProgram();
+    const shader = makeShaderNode({}, { radius: 16 });
+
+    expect(
+      program.reuseRenderOp(makeNode(shader) as never, makeOp(shader)),
+    ).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('batches distinct shader nodes that share a uniform collection', () => {
+    const program = makeProgram();
+    const uniforms = {};
+    // Distinct resolvedProps objects — reference-inequal props must not matter
+    // when the value-key cache handed both nodes the same collection.
+    const shaderA = makeShaderNode(uniforms, { radius: [16, 16, 16, 16] });
+    const shaderB = makeShaderNode(uniforms, { radius: [16, 16, 16, 16] });
+
+    expect(
+      program.reuseRenderOp(makeNode(shaderA) as never, makeOp(shaderB)),
+    ).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('falls back to a prop-value compare for distinct collections', () => {
+    const program = makeProgram();
+    const shaderA = makeShaderNode({}, { radius: 16, gap: 2 });
+    const shaderB = makeShaderNode({}, { radius: 16, gap: 2 });
+    const shaderC = makeShaderNode({}, { radius: 16, gap: 4 });
+
+    expect(
+      program.reuseRenderOp(makeNode(shaderA) as never, makeOp(shaderB)),
+    ).toBe(true);
+    expect(
+      program.reuseRenderOp(makeNode(shaderA) as never, makeOp(shaderC)),
+    ).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it('rejects on system alpha mismatch before any shader compare', () => {
+    const program = makeProgram({ useSystemAlpha: true });
+    const shader = makeShaderNode({});
+
+    expect(
+      program.reuseRenderOp(
+        makeNode(shader, { worldAlpha: 0.5 }) as never,
+        makeOp(shader),
+      ),
+    ).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it('rejects on dimension mismatch when the program uses u_dimensions', () => {
+    const program = makeProgram({ useSystemDimensions: true });
+    const shader = makeShaderNode({});
+
+    expect(
+      program.reuseRenderOp(
+        makeNode(shader, { w: 300 }) as never,
+        makeOp(shader),
+      ),
+    ).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it('does not read node.time when the program has no time uniform', () => {
+    const program = makeProgram();
+    const shader = makeShaderNode({});
+    const node = makeNode(shader);
+    let timeReads = 0;
+    Object.defineProperty(node, 'time', {
+      get: () => {
+        timeReads++;
+        return 0;
+      },
+    });
+
+    program.reuseRenderOp(node as never, makeOp(shader));
+
+    expect(timeReads).toBe(0);
+  });
+
+  it('delegates to the shader type canBatch hook when defined', () => {
+    const canBatch = vi.fn(() => false);
+    const program = makeProgram({ canBatch });
+    const shader = makeShaderNode({});
+
+    expect(
+      program.reuseRenderOp(makeNode(shader) as never, makeOp(shader)),
+    ).toBe(false);
+    expect(canBatch.mock.calls.length).toBe(1);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/core/renderers/webgl/WebGlShaderProgram.ts b/src/core/renderers/webgl/WebGlShaderProgram.ts
index da7e503..166c59a 100644
--- a/src/core/renderers/webgl/WebGlShaderProgram.ts
+++ b/src/core/renderers/webgl/WebGlShaderProgram.ts
@@ -158,40 +158,52 @@ export class WebGlShaderProgram implements CoreShaderProgram {
       return this.lifecycle.canBatch(node, currentRenderOp);
     }
 
-    const { time, worldAlpha, w, h } = node;
-
+    // Read node getters only for the system uniforms this program actually
+    // uses — node.time in particular is a getter that runs per call.
     if (this.useTimeValue === true) {
-      if (time !== currentRenderOp.time) {
+      if (node.time !== currentRenderOp.time) {
         return false;
       }
     }
 
     if (this.useSystemAlpha === true) {
-      if (worldAlpha !== currentRenderOp.worldAlpha) {
+      if (node.worldAlpha !== currentRenderOp.worldAlpha) {
         return false;
       }
     }
 
     if (this.useSystemDimensions === true) {
-      if (w !== currentRenderOp.w || h !== currentRenderOp.h) {
+      if (node.w !== currentRenderOp.w || node.h !== currentRenderOp.h) {
         return false;
       }
     }
 
-    let shaderPropsA: Record<string, unknown> | undefined = undefined;
-    let shaderPropsB: Record<string, unknown> | undefined = undefined;
+    const shader = node.props.shader as WebGlShaderNode | null;
+    const opShader = currentRenderOp.shader as WebGlShaderNode | null;
 
-    const shader = node.props.shader;
+    // Same shader node — same resolved props by definition.
+    if (shader === opShader) {
+      return true;
+    }
 
-    if (shader !== null) {
-      shaderPropsA = (shader as WebGlShaderNode).resolvedProps;
+    if (shader === null || opShader === null) {
+      return false;
     }
 
-    const opShader = currentRenderOp.shader;
-    if (opShader !== null) {
-      shaderPropsB = (opShader as WebGlShaderNode).resolvedProps;
+    // Shader nodes with equal value keys share their uniform collection by
+    // reference (see WebGlShaderNode.update); reference equality implies the
+    // resolved prop values match without a key-by-key compare.
+    if (shader.uniforms === opShader.uniforms) {
+      return true;
     }
 
+    const shaderPropsA = shader.resolvedProps as
+      | Record<string, unknown>
+      | undefined;
+    const shaderPropsB = opShader.resolvedProps as
+      | Record<string, unknown>
+      | undefined;
+
     if (
       (shaderPropsA === undefined && shaderPropsB !== undefined) ||
       (shaderPropsA !== undefined && shaderPropsB === undefined)