diff --git a/Tests/test_pdfparser.py b/Tests/test_pdfparser.py
index ac663dde1c6..d5475b07f5c 100644
--- a/Tests/test_pdfparser.py
+++ b/Tests/test_pdfparser.py
@@ -164,6 +164,42 @@ def test_linearize_page_tree() -> None:
         assert pdf.linearize_page_tree() == page_ids
 
 
+def test_linearize_page_tree_duplicate_reference() -> None:
+    b = BytesIO()
+    with PdfParser(f=b, mode="wb") as pdf:
+        pdf.start_writing()
+        pdf.write_header()
+
+        pages_ids = [pdf.next_object_id(0) for _ in range(2)]
+        pdf.write_obj(
+            pages_ids[0], Type=PdfName(b"Pages"), Count=1, Kids=[pages_ids[1]]
+        )
+        pdf.write_obj(
+            pages_ids[1], Type=PdfName(b"Pages"), Count=1, Kids=[pages_ids[0]]
+        )
+
+        pdf.write_catalog()
+        pdf.write_xref_and_trailer()
+
+    with PdfParser(f=b) as pdf:
+        with pytest.raises(PdfFormatError, match="cyclic or duplicate reference"):
+            pdf.linearize_page_tree(
+                PdfDict({b"Type": b"Pages", b"Kids": [pages_ids[0]]})
+            )
+
+    with PdfParser(f=b, mode="wb") as pdf:
+        pdf.start_writing()
+        pdf.write_header()
+
+        pdf.write_catalog()
+        pdf.write_xref_and_trailer()
+
+    with PdfParser(f=b) as pdf:
+        pdf.page_tree_root[b"Kids"] = [pdf.pages_ref]
+        with pytest.raises(PdfFormatError, match="cyclic or duplicate reference"):
+            pdf.linearize_page_tree()
+
+
 def test_duplicate_xref_entry() -> None:
     pdf = PdfParser("Tests/images/duplicate_xref_entry.pdf")
     assert pdf.xref_table.existing_entries[6][0] == 1197
diff --git a/src/PIL/PdfParser.py b/src/PIL/PdfParser.py
index 39ae1acba3e..5f75cf4d3ee 100644
--- a/src/PIL/PdfParser.py
+++ b/src/PIL/PdfParser.py
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@ def read_pdf_info(self) -> None:
         self.pages_ref = self.root[b"Pages"]
         assert self.pages_ref is not None
         self.page_tree_root = self.read_indirect(self.pages_ref)
-        self.pages = self.linearize_page_tree(self.page_tree_root)
+        self.pages = self.linearize_page_tree()
         # save the original list of page references
         # in case the user modifies, adds or deletes some pages
         # and we need to rewrite the pages and their list
@@ -1083,17 +1083,29 @@ def read_indirect(self, ref: IndirectReference, max_nesting: int = -1) -> Any:
         return value
 
     def linearize_page_tree(
-        self, node: PdfDict | None = None
+        self, node: PdfDict | None = None, processed_ids: set[int] | None = None
     ) -> list[IndirectReference]:
-        page_node = node if node is not None else self.page_tree_root
+        if processed_ids is None:
+            processed_ids = set()
+        if node is not None:
+            page_node = node
+        else:
+            page_node = self.page_tree_root
+            if self.pages_ref is not None:
+                processed_ids.add(self.pages_ref.object_id)
         check_format_condition(
             page_node[b"Type"] == b"Pages", "/Type of page tree node is not /Pages"
         )
         pages = []
         for kid in page_node[b"Kids"]:
+            check_format_condition(
+                kid.object_id not in processed_ids,
+                f"page tree contains a cyclic or duplicate reference to {kid}",
+            )
+            processed_ids.add(kid.object_id)
             kid_object = self.read_indirect(kid)
             if kid_object[b"Type"] == b"Page":
                 pages.append(kid)
             else:
-                pages.extend(self.linearize_page_tree(node=kid_object))
+                pages.extend(self.linearize_page_tree(kid_object, processed_ids))
         return pages