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<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
<script id="theme-init">
(function () {
var key = "kaspa-explained-theme";
var saved = null;
try { saved = localStorage.getItem(key); } catch (e) {}
var theme = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get("theme");
if (theme !== "light" && theme !== "dark") { theme = saved; }
document.documentElement.dataset.theme = theme === "light" ? "light" : "dark";
})();
</script>
<title>KIP and KCC tracker: what is proposed, active, and shipped | Kaspa Explained</title>
<meta name="description" content="A live tracker of Kaspa's change proposals. It reads the repositories direct, so it cannot go stale.">
<meta name="robots" content="index,follow,max-snippet:-1,max-image-preview:large">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://kaspaexplained.com/kips">
<link rel="icon" href="kaspa-favicon.svg?v=20260512-real-k" type="image/svg+xml">
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<link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico" sizes="any">
<link rel="icon" href="favicon.png" type="image/png">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="apple-touch-icon.png">
<link rel="manifest" href="site.webmanifest">
<meta name="application-name" content="Kaspa Explained">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Kaspa Explained">
<meta name="theme-color" content="#000000">
<meta property="og:title" content="KIP and KCC tracker: what is proposed, active, and shipped | Kaspa Explained">
<meta property="og:description" content="A live tracker of Kaspa's change proposals. It reads the repositories direct, so it cannot go stale.">
<meta property="og:type" content="article">
<meta property="og:url" content="https://kaspaexplained.com/kips">
<meta property="og:image" content="https://kaspaexplained.com/og-kaspa-explained.png?v=20260829">
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<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image">
<meta name="twitter:title" content="KIP and KCC tracker: what is proposed, active, and shipped | Kaspa Explained">
<meta name="twitter:description" content="A tracker of Kaspa's change proposals, with live repository reads and dated fallback data.">
<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://kaspaexplained.com/og-kaspa-explained.png?v=20260829">
<meta name="dateModified" content="2026-10-06">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css?v=20260915-apple27">
<script defer src="nav.js?v=20260915-apple27"></script>
<style>
/* Token audit 2026-08-31: literal token values below are deliberate divergences from styles.css (pinned palettes, demo-only colors, contrast variants); byte-identical copies were converted to var() references. */
/* Scoped styles for the two demos inlined below (formerly demos/parameterless.html
and demos/supply-split.html). Every custom property and selector is scoped under
its own container class so nothing leaks onto the rest of the page or the other
demo; nothing here touches body, html, :root, or a bare element selector. */
.kip-parameterless-demo{
color-scheme:dark;
--green-rgb:102,209,193;
--cyan-rgb:41,151,255;
--purple-rgb:191,90,242;
--orange-rgb:255,159,10;
--accent-soft:rgba(102,209,193,.12);
--card-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.4), 0 12px 32px rgba(0,0,0,.35);
--body-font:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"SF Pro Text","Segoe UI",Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;
--mono-font:ui-monospace,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;
font-family:var(--body-font); font-size:17px; line-height:1.6; color:var(--text);
/* .verdict.adaptive sets text directly in --cyan on its own
rgba(--cyan-rgb,.08) tinted background; that self-tint measures
4.19:1 in dark theme, under the 4.5:1 floor. Dedicated lighter
variant for that one use; light theme's plain --cyan already
clears it there. */
--cyan-verdict:#41a5ff;
}
:root[data-theme="light"] .kip-parameterless-demo{
color-scheme:light;
--green-rgb:14,124,107;
--cyan-rgb:0,113,227;
--purple-rgb:110,86,207;
--orange-rgb:178,80,0;
--accent-soft:rgba(14,124,107,.1);
--card-shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.05), 0 6px 16px rgba(0,0,0,.04);
/* Same self-tint shape as --cyan-verdict above: .verdict.safe on its
own rgba(--green-rgb,.1) tint measures 4.40:1 in light theme, and
button.btn[aria-pressed=true] on color-mix(--orange 18%, --control-bg)
measures 3.40:1. Dark theme's plain --green and --orange already
clear their equivalents. */
--green-verdict:#0c7766;
--orange-pressed:#914100;
/* Reset back to --cyan: the dark-only lighter variant above would
otherwise leak through, since custom properties not redefined in
this override block keep their base-block value rather than
resetting. Light theme's plain --cyan already clears 4.5:1 on
.verdict.adaptive's own tint. */
--cyan-verdict: var(--cyan);
}
.kip-parameterless-demo a{ color:var(--cyan); }
.kip-parameterless-demo h3{ font-size:18px; font-weight:650; letter-spacing:-.008em; color:var(--text); margin:0 0 .35rem; }
.kip-parameterless-demo p.lede{ color:var(--muted); font-size:clamp(1.05rem,1.6vw,1.19rem); font-weight:420; line-height:1.45; max-width:74ch; margin:0 0 1.1rem; }
.kip-parameterless-demo code{ font-family:var(--mono-font); }
.kip-parameterless-demo .status-pill{ display:inline-block; font-size:.68rem; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:.04em; border-radius:980px; padding:.1rem .5rem; margin-left:.35rem; vertical-align:1px; }
.kip-parameterless-demo .status-pill.live{ --status-color: var(--green); }
.kip-parameterless-demo .status-pill.research{ --status-color: var(--orange); }
.kip-parameterless-demo .panel{ background:var(--panel); border:0; border-radius:18px; padding:1rem 1.1rem; margin-bottom:1rem; box-shadow:var(--card-shadow); }
.kip-parameterless-demo .row{ display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:1rem; align-items:flex-end; }
.kip-parameterless-demo .field{ display:flex; flex-direction:column; gap:.3rem; min-width:220px; flex:1; }
.kip-parameterless-demo .field label{ font-size:16px; color:var(--muted); }
.kip-parameterless-demo .field .valline{ font-size:1rem; color:var(--text); font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums; }
.kip-parameterless-demo input[type=range]{
accent-color:var(--cyan); width:100%; height:44px; margin:0; padding:0;
background:transparent; -webkit-appearance:none; appearance:none; display:block;
}
.kip-parameterless-demo input[type=range]::-webkit-slider-runnable-track{ height:4px; border-radius:2px; background:var(--field-line); }
.kip-parameterless-demo input[type=range]::-moz-range-track{ height:4px; border-radius:2px; background:var(--field-line); }
.kip-parameterless-demo input[type=range]::-webkit-slider-thumb{
-webkit-appearance:none; width:22px; height:22px; border-radius:50%; background:var(--cyan);
margin-top:-9px; cursor:pointer; box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,.3);
}
.kip-parameterless-demo input[type=range]::-moz-range-thumb{
width:22px; height:22px; border-radius:50%; background:var(--cyan); border:0; cursor:pointer;
box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,.3);
}
.kip-parameterless-demo input[type=range].primary::-webkit-slider-thumb{ width:26px; height:26px; margin-top:-11px; }
.kip-parameterless-demo input[type=range].primary::-moz-range-thumb{ width:26px; height:26px; }
.kip-parameterless-demo input[type=range].primary::-webkit-slider-runnable-track{ height:6px; }
.kip-parameterless-demo input[type=range].primary::-moz-range-track{ height:6px; }
.kip-parameterless-demo .scenario-btns{ display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; gap:.5rem; }
.kip-parameterless-demo button.btn{ font:inherit; font-size:16px; color:var(--text); background:var(--control-bg); border:0; border-radius:8px; min-height:44px; padding:.5rem .8rem; cursor:pointer; }
.kip-parameterless-demo button.btn:hover{ background:var(--control-hover); }
.kip-parameterless-demo button.btn[aria-pressed="true"]{ background:color-mix(in srgb, var(--orange) 18%, var(--control-bg)); color:var(--orange-pressed, var(--orange)); }
.kip-parameterless-demo a:focus-visible,
.kip-parameterless-demo button:focus-visible,
.kip-parameterless-demo input:focus-visible{
outline:3px solid color-mix(in srgb, var(--cyan) 28%, transparent);
outline-offset:3px;
}
.kip-parameterless-demo .cmp{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr; gap:1rem; }
.kip-parameterless-demo .cmp.cmp3{ grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr 1fr; }
@media (max-width:900px){ .kip-parameterless-demo .cmp.cmp3{ grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr; } }
@media (max-width:640px){ .kip-parameterless-demo .cmp{ grid-template-columns:1fr; } .kip-parameterless-demo .cmp.cmp3{ grid-template-columns:1fr; } }
.kip-parameterless-demo .side{ border:0; border-radius:18px; padding:.85rem; background:var(--card-bg); box-shadow:var(--card-shadow); }
/* min-width:0 and wrap: the flex header would not shrink below its longest
child, so at a 320px viewport the whole card measured 356px and the verdict
text was cut off the right edge with nothing to scroll. Measured 2026-08-29. */
.kip-parameterless-demo .side{ min-width:0; }
.kip-parameterless-demo .side h3{ margin:0 0 .55rem; display:flex; align-items:center; gap:.4rem; flex-wrap:wrap; min-width:0; }
.kip-parameterless-demo .side h3 > *{ min-width:0; }
.kip-parameterless-demo .sub{ font-size:1rem; color:var(--muted); margin:0 0 .6rem; }
.kip-parameterless-demo .gauge-row{ display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; align-items:baseline; justify-content:space-between; column-gap:.5rem; font-size:1rem; color:var(--muted); margin-bottom:.35rem; }
.kip-parameterless-demo .gauge-row output{ white-space:nowrap; }
.kip-parameterless-demo .gauge{ position:relative; height:14px; border-radius:980px; background:var(--field-bg); border:1px solid var(--field-line); overflow:visible; margin-top:1.1rem; margin-bottom:.35rem; }
.kip-parameterless-demo .gauge .fill{ position:absolute; inset:0 auto 0 0; border-radius:980px; background:var(--cyan); overflow:hidden; }
.kip-parameterless-demo .gauge .cap{ position:absolute; top:-4px; bottom:-4px; width:3px; background:var(--text); border-radius:2px; }
.kip-parameterless-demo .gauge .cap::after{ content:"cap"; position:absolute; top:-16px; left:50%; transform:translateX(-50%); font-size:16px; color:var(--faint); white-space:nowrap; }
.kip-parameterless-demo .over-badge{ display:inline-block; margin-bottom:.6rem; font-size:1rem; font-weight:700; color:var(--orange); background:rgba(var(--orange-rgb),.14); border-radius:18px; padding:.4rem .7rem; line-height:1.35; }
.kip-parameterless-demo .over-badge[hidden]{ display:none; }
.kip-parameterless-demo .bps-block{ margin-bottom:1.1rem; padding-bottom:.9rem; border-bottom:1px solid var(--line); }
.kip-parameterless-demo .bps-block label{ font-size:16px; color:var(--text); font-weight:650; }
.kip-parameterless-demo .bps-block .valline{ font-size:1rem; font-weight:700; color:var(--text); }
.kip-parameterless-demo .payoff-line{ font-size:1.05rem; font-weight:650; text-align:center; color:var(--text); margin:1rem auto 0; line-height:1.45; max-width:62ch; text-wrap:balance; }
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){
.kip-parameterless-demo .gauge .fill{ transition:width .4s ease, background-color .4s ease; }
.kip-parameterless-demo .block{ transition:background-color .25s ease, border-color .25s ease; }
}
.kip-parameterless-demo .verdict{ font-size:1rem; border-left:3px solid var(--cyan); border-radius:0 8px 8px 0; padding:.5rem .6rem; margin-top:.2rem; background:rgba(var(--cyan-rgb),.06); color:var(--text); }
.kip-parameterless-demo .verdict.safe{ border-left-color:var(--green); background:rgba(var(--green-rgb),.1); color:var(--green-verdict, var(--green)); }
.kip-parameterless-demo .verdict.unsafe{ border-left-color:var(--orange); background:rgba(var(--orange-rgb),.1); color:var(--orange); }
.kip-parameterless-demo .verdict.adaptive{ border-left-color:var(--cyan); background:rgba(var(--cyan-rgb),.08); color:var(--cyan-verdict, var(--cyan)); }
.kip-parameterless-demo ul.honest{ margin:.3rem 0 0; padding-left:1.1rem; font-size:1rem; color:var(--muted); }
.kip-parameterless-demo ul.honest li{ margin-bottom:.5rem; }
.kip-parameterless-demo ul.honest strong{ color:var(--text); }
.kip-parameterless-demo details{ background:var(--card-bg); border:0; border-radius:14px; padding:.7rem 1rem; margin-bottom:1.5rem; box-shadow:var(--card-shadow); }
.kip-parameterless-demo details summary{ cursor:pointer; font-size:16px; font-weight:700; color:var(--text); }
.kip-parameterless-demo details summary::marker{ color:var(--green); }
.kip-parameterless-demo details[open] summary{ margin-bottom:.6rem; }
.kip-parameterless-demo details .model-body{ font-size:1rem; color:var(--muted); }
.kip-parameterless-demo details table{ border-collapse:collapse; font-size:16px; margin:.6rem 0; }
.kip-parameterless-demo details td, .kip-parameterless-demo details th{ border-bottom:1px solid var(--line); padding:.25rem .5rem; text-align:right; }
.kip-parameterless-demo details th{ color:var(--faint); font-weight:600; }
.kip-parameterless-demo details code{ background:var(--field-bg); border:1px solid var(--field-line); border-radius:8px; padding:.05rem .3rem; font-size:.85em; overflow-wrap:anywhere; }
.kip-parameterless-demo details ul{ padding-left:1.1rem; }
.kip-parameterless-demo .caveat-lead{ margin:0 0 .7rem; }
.kip-parameterless-demo .panel details{ margin-bottom:.5rem; }
.kip-supply-split-demo{
color-scheme:dark;
--red:#ff6961; --shadow:0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.4), 0 12px 32px rgba(0,0,0,.35);
--body-font:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"SF Pro Text","Segoe UI",Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;
font-family:var(--body-font); font-size:16px; line-height:1.5; color:var(--text);
}
:root[data-theme="light"] .kip-supply-split-demo{
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</head>
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<header class="site-header">
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<a class="brand" href="/" aria-label="Kaspa Explained home"><span class="brand-mark" aria-hidden="true"></span>Kaspa Explained</a>
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<section class="section">
<p class="eyebrow">Proposal tracker</p>
<h1><span class="term-def" tabindex="0" role="button" aria-describedby="kip-def-kips">KIP<span class="term-def__panel" id="kip-def-kips">Kaspa Improvement Proposal: specifies, reviews, merges a protocol change.</span></span>s and KCCs</h1>
<p class="lead">A KIP changes consensus. A KCC is a builder encoding agreement, no consensus change: its README says it, "KCCs do not propose changes to Kaspa consensus or core-node behavior." A merged, Active KIP is law; an open KCC PR is still argued.</p>
<h2 id="kip" style="margin-top:1.4rem;">Kaspa Improvement Proposals</h2>
<p><span id="kip-total">15</span> total, <span id="kip-active">11</span> Active. Implemented: running. Active: merged and adopted. Proposed/Draft: still open. Rejected: turned down.</p>
<div id="kip-groups">
<details class="deep-dive" open>
<summary>KIP 1–6, the foundational batch (2 of 6 active)</summary>
<div class="table-wrap">
<table class="reality-table">
<thead><tr><th>KIP</th><th>Title</th><th>Layer</th><th>Status</th></tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td data-label="KIP">1</td><td data-label="Title">Rewriting the full node in Rust</td><td data-label="Layer">Consensus, Node</td><td data-label="Status">Implemented</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="KIP">2</td><td data-label="Title">Upgrade consensus to follow DAGKNIGHT</td><td data-label="Layer">Consensus, API/RPC</td><td data-label="Status">Proposed</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="KIP">3</td><td data-label="Title">Block sampling for efficient DAA with high BPS</td><td data-label="Layer">Consensus</td><td data-label="Status">Rejected</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="KIP">4</td><td data-label="Title">Sparse difficulty windows</td><td data-label="Layer">Consensus</td><td data-label="Status">Active</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="KIP">5</td><td data-label="Title">Message signing</td><td data-label="Layer">Applications</td><td data-label="Status">Active</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="KIP">6</td><td data-label="Title">Proof of Chain Membership</td><td data-label="Layer">Consensus, Applications</td><td data-label="Status">Draft</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</details>
<details class="deep-dive">
<summary>KIP 9–15, consensus and script-engine expansion (5 of 5 active)</summary>
<div class="table-wrap">
<table class="reality-table">
<thead><tr><th>KIP</th><th>Title</th><th>Layer</th><th>Status</th></tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td data-label="KIP">9</td><td data-label="Title">Extended mass formula for mitigating state bloat</td><td data-label="Layer">Consensus, Mempool, P2P</td><td data-label="Status">Active</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="KIP">10</td><td data-label="Title">New transaction opcodes for enhanced script functionality</td><td data-label="Layer">Consensus, Script Engine</td><td data-label="Status">Active</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="KIP">13</td><td data-label="Title">Transient storage handling</td><td data-label="Layer">Consensus</td><td data-label="Status">Active</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="KIP">14</td><td data-label="Title">The <span class="term-def" tabindex="0" role="button" aria-describedby="crescendo-def-kips">Crescendo<span class="term-def__panel" id="crescendo-def-kips">The May 2025 upgrade that sped Kaspa's mainnet from one block a second to ten.</span></span> hardfork</td><td data-label="Layer">Consensus</td><td data-label="Status">Active</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="KIP">15</td><td data-label="Title">Canonical transaction ordering and sequencing commitments</td><td data-label="Layer">Consensus</td><td data-label="Status">Active</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</details>
<details class="deep-dive">
<summary>KIP 16–21, the Toccata batch (4 of 4 active)</summary>
<div class="table-wrap">
<table class="reality-table">
<thead><tr><th>KIP</th><th>Title</th><th>Layer</th><th>Status</th></tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td data-label="KIP">16</td><td data-label="Title">ZK precompile opcode</td><td data-label="Layer">Consensus, Script Engine</td><td data-label="Status">Active</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="KIP">17</td><td data-label="Title"><span class="term-def" tabindex="0" role="button" aria-describedby="covenant-def-kips">Covenants<span class="term-def__panel" id="covenant-def-kips">A rule attached to a coin that the network itself checks on every spend, not a server's promise.</span></span> and improved scripting capabilities</td><td data-label="Layer">Consensus, Script Engine</td><td data-label="Status">Active</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="KIP">20</td><td data-label="Title">Covenant IDs</td><td data-label="Layer">Consensus, Script Engine</td><td data-label="Status">Active</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="KIP">21</td><td data-label="Title">Partitioned sequencing commitment with O(activity) proving</td><td data-label="Layer">Consensus, Chain-Block UTXO Validation</td><td data-label="Status">Active</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</details>
</div>
<p class="live-footnote" id="kip-stamp">Baseline: KIP repository, 6 October 2026; table refreshes live on load.</p>
<p>KIPs 16, 17, 20, 21 were marked Active in the repository on 15 July 2026, after Toccata mainnet activation: <a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/kips/pull/31">KIP-16</a>, <a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/kips/pull/32">KIP-17</a>, <a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/kips/pull/35">KIP-20</a>, <a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/kips/pull/36">KIP-21</a>.</p>
<p>KIP-2, the <a href="#parameterless-demo">DAGKnight</a> upgrade, has stayed Proposed for years: devnet only, no date; demo below runs it against GHOSTDAG. KIPs 7, 8, 11, 12, 18, 19, 22-25 are open PRs, hence the table gaps. <a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/kips">Repository</a>.</p>
</section>
<section class="section" aria-labelledby="parameterless-heading">
<p class="eyebrow">Try it</p>
<h2 id="parameterless-heading">A margin fixed in advance, against one that tracks the network</h2>
<div class="kip-parameterless-demo" id="parameterless-demo">
<p class="lede">A <span class="term-def" tabindex="0" role="button" aria-describedby="par-margin-def">margin<span class="term-def__panel" id="par-margin-def">Blocks arriving at once before one looks like an attack. The paper calls it k.</span></span>, too low, rejects honest blocks; too high wastes time.</p>
<div class="panel">
<div class="row bps-block">
<div class="field">
<label for="par-bps-slider">Block rate, in blocks per second</label>
<input type="range" id="par-bps-slider" min="1" max="100" step="1" value="10" aria-describedby="par-bps-out par-bps-hint">
<span class="valline" id="par-bps-out">10 blocks per second (Kaspa mainnet's Crescendo-era rate)</span>
<span class="valline info-affordance" id="par-bps-hint">Runs past mainnet's rate on purpose.
<button class="info-affordance__trigger" type="button" aria-describedby="par-bps-hint-panel">
<i class="info-affordance__glyph" aria-hidden="true">i</i>
<span class="sr-only">Why the range goes to 100</span>
</button>
<span class="info-affordance__panel" id="par-bps-hint-panel">rusty-kaspa ships a lookup table that stops at 32 blocks per second. The formula behind it runs at any rate; the table is the limit, not the math. Push λ up while D stays fixed and PHANTOM's own confirmation time under attack grows exponentially in the paper's own bound, the harder reason to stop, not a shrinking security threshold: that decay is Nakamoto Consensus's problem, not PHANTOM's.</span>
</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="field">
<label for="par-d-slider">Slowest block delivery GHOSTDAG assumes in advance</label>
<input type="range" id="par-d-slider" min="0.5" max="15" step="0.5" value="5" aria-describedby="par-d-out">
<span class="valline info-affordance">
<span id="par-d-out">Assumed worst case: 5.0 s (mainnet's real setting) → margin needed: 124 blocks (mainnet's real margin)</span>
<button class="info-affordance__trigger" type="button" aria-describedby="par-d-out-panel">
<i class="info-affordance__glyph" aria-hidden="true">i</i>
<span class="sr-only">Where 5 seconds and 124 come from</span>
</button>
<span class="info-affordance__panel" id="par-d-out-panel">5 s is rusty-kaspa's own <code>NETWORK_DELAY_BOUND</code> constant (<code>consensus/core/src/config/constants.rs</code><span class="tuck">,</span> checked 2026-08-25). <a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/kips/blob/master/kip-0014.md">KIP-14</a>, the Crescendo hardfork, sets D = 5, δ = 0.01 and states the resulting margin is "recalculated to be 124." Neither number is a choice this page made; both are what mainnet runs today.</span>
</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row" style="margin-top:.8rem;">
<div class="field">
<label id="par-l-label" for="par-l-slider">How long block delivery actually takes</label>
<input type="range" class="primary" id="par-l-slider" min="0.5" max="20" step="0.5" value="0.5" aria-labelledby="par-l-label" aria-describedby="par-l-out par-l-hint">
<span class="valline" id="par-l-out">0.5 s (margin this actually needs: 18 blocks)</span>
<span class="valline info-affordance" id="par-l-hint">Not a measured figure.
<button class="info-affordance__trigger" type="button" aria-describedby="par-l-hint-panel">
<i class="info-affordance__glyph" aria-hidden="true">i</i>
<span class="sr-only">Why 0.5 seconds, and what this dial does not claim</span>
</button>
<span class="info-affordance__panel" id="par-l-hint-panel">No published measurement of Kaspa's real block propagation exists to cite, so 0.5 s opens as a representative assumption, not a measured figure; real propagation varies with peer distance and network load. Move the slider or pick a scenario below.</span>
</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="scenario-btns" role="group" aria-label="Latency scenario presets" style="margin-top:.7rem;">
<button class="btn" type="button" data-l="0.5" aria-pressed="true">Healthy (0.5 s)</button>
<button class="btn" type="button" data-l="2">Typical (2 s)</button>
<button class="btn" type="button" data-l="5">Congested (5 s)</button>
<button class="btn" type="button" data-l="12">Adversarial spike (12 s)</button>
</div>
<div class="row" style="margin-top:.8rem;">
<div class="field">
<label for="par-alpha-slider">Hypothetical attacker's mining share</label>
<input type="range" id="par-alpha-slider" min="1" max="49" step="1" value="10" aria-describedby="par-alpha-out par-alpha-hint">
<span class="valline"><span id="par-alpha-out">10%</span></span>
<span class="valline info-affordance" id="par-alpha-hint">Hypothetical, not observed.
<button class="info-affordance__trigger" type="button" aria-describedby="par-alpha-hint-panel">
<i class="info-affordance__glyph" aria-hidden="true">i</i>
<span class="sr-only">Why 10%, and what this dial imagines</span>
</button>
<span class="info-affordance__panel" id="par-alpha-hint-panel">Mainnet has no known attacker; this dial imagines one so the guarantees below mean something. 10% opens as a serious but not fringe threat, below the 50% share both formulas assume never happens.</span>
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="cmp">
<div class="side" id="par-side-fixed">
<h3>GHOSTDAG <span class="status-pill live">Live</span> · fixed margin <span class="info-affordance" id="par-fixed-sub-info">
<button class="info-affordance__trigger" type="button" aria-describedby="par-fixed-sub-panel">
<i class="info-affordance__glyph" aria-hidden="true">i</i>
<span class="sr-only">What this side is</span>
</button>
<span class="info-affordance__panel" id="par-fixed-sub-panel">Fixed table, stops at 32 bps.</span>
</span></h3>
<div class="gauge-row"><span>margin it is configured for</span><output id="par-fixed-k-out">124 blocks</output></div>
<div class="gauge-row"><span>margin these conditions need</span><output id="par-fixed-req-out">18 blocks</output></div>
<div class="gauge"><div class="fill" id="par-fixed-fill" style="width:11%; background:var(--cyan);"></div><div class="cap" id="par-fixed-cap" style="left:80%;"></div></div>
<p id="par-fixed-tableend" class="over-badge" hidden></p>
<p id="par-fixed-over" class="over-badge" hidden></p>
<div class="gauge-row"><span class="info-affordance">Worst case, guaranteed
<button class="info-affordance__trigger" type="button" aria-describedby="par-fixed-time-panel">
<i class="info-affordance__glyph" aria-hidden="true">i</i>
<span class="sr-only">What this guarantee assumes</span>
</button>
<span class="info-affordance__panel" id="par-fixed-time-panel">The DAG KNIGHT paper's own no-visible-attack bound (§1.5.2), computed at a stated 1% error tolerance. Uses D<sub>max</sub>, the assumed delay set by the D slider above, held fixed regardless of what the network is actually doing.</span>
</span><output id="par-fixed-time-out">4.3 min</output></div>
<div class="verdict safe" id="par-fixed-verdict" role="status">No honest block looks like an attack at this delivery speed.</div>
</div>
<div class="side" id="par-side-adaptive">
<h3>DAGKnight <span class="status-pill research">Research</span> · adjustable margin <span class="info-affordance" id="par-adapt-sub-info">
<button class="info-affordance__trigger" type="button" aria-describedby="par-adapt-sub-panel">
<i class="info-affordance__glyph" aria-hidden="true">i</i>
<span class="sr-only">What this side is</span>
</button>
<span class="info-affordance__panel" id="par-adapt-sub-panel">Tracks actual latency.</span>
</span></h3>
<div class="gauge-row"><span>margin it is running right now</span><output id="par-adapt-k-out">18 blocks</output></div>
<div class="gauge"><div class="fill" id="par-adapt-fill" style="width:11%; background:var(--green);"></div></div>
<div class="gauge-row"><span class="info-affordance">Worst case, guaranteed
<button class="info-affordance__trigger" type="button" aria-describedby="par-adapt-time-panel">
<i class="info-affordance__glyph" aria-hidden="true">i</i>
<span class="sr-only">What this guarantee assumes</span>
</button>
<span class="info-affordance__panel" id="par-adapt-time-panel">The same DAG KNIGHT no-visible-attack bound (§1.5.2) as GHOSTDAG's, at the same 1% error tolerance. Uses D<sub>t</sub>, the actual-latency slider above, tracked instead of assumed in advance.</span>
</span><output id="par-adapt-time-out">3.7 s</output></div>
<div class="verdict adaptive" id="par-adapt-verdict" role="status">Nobody has to retune this by hand when the network slows down.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="sub" style="max-width:74ch; margin:.6rem auto 0; text-align:center;">Neither number above is
what a payment waits for. Both bound the worst case.</p>
<p class="sub" style="max-width:74ch; margin:.55rem auto 0; text-align:center;">A transaction is typically
<em>included</em> in about a second.
<span class="info-affordance">
<button class="info-affordance__trigger" type="button" aria-describedby="par-observed-panel">
<i class="info-affordance__glyph" aria-hidden="true">i</i>
<span class="sr-only">Inclusion vs confirmation</span>
</button>
<span class="info-affordance__panel" id="par-observed-panel">Inclusion lands a tx; confirmation is when reversal stops being a risk (<a href="/why-kaspa-matters#confirmation-risk-demo">demo</a>). Figure: <a href="/what-is-kaspa">What is Kaspa?</a></span>
</span></p>
<p class="payoff-line" id="par-payoff-line" role="status"></p>
<details>
<summary>DAGKnight: calm versus under attack <span class="status-pill research">Research</span></summary>
<p class="sub" style="max-width:74ch; margin:.6rem auto 0; text-align:center;">Same formula, same dials: DAGKnight against itself, no visible attack against one visibly under way.</p>
<div class="cmp">
<div class="side" id="par-side-optimistic">
<h3>No visible attack</h3>
<p class="sub">Every block looks honest right now.</p>
<div class="gauge-row"><span>predicted wait</span><output id="par-opt-time-out"></output></div>
<div class="verdict safe" id="par-opt-verdict" role="status"></div>
</div>
<div class="side" id="par-side-pessimistic">
<h3>Attack visibly under way</h3>
<p class="sub">An attacker is actively forking the DAG.</p>
<div class="gauge-row"><span>predicted wait</span><output id="par-pess-time-out"></output></div>
<div class="gauge"><div class="fill" id="par-pess-fill" style="background:var(--orange);"></div></div>
<div class="verdict unsafe" id="par-pess-verdict" role="status"></div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="payoff-line" id="par-regime-payoff-line" role="status"></p>
</details>
<div class="panel">
<h3>What this costs</h3>
<p class="sub caveat-lead">Not shipped, not parameter-free, efficiency unsolved.</p>
<details>
<summary>Caveats and sources</summary>
<div class="table-wrap">
<table class="reality-table">
<thead><tr><th>Caveat</th><th>Detail</th></tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td data-label="Caveat">Not shipped</td><td data-label="Detail"><a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/kips/blob/master/kip-0002.md">KIP-2</a> remains Proposed. The unmerged <a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/rusty-kaspa/tree/dagknight"><code>dagknight</code> branch</a> was still active through its 8 September 2026 head, <a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/rusty-kaspa/commit/ad45e241e6688a14901fd24dd8dc33c5c9a33f40"><code>ad45e241</code></a>; no Rusty Kaspa release activates it, and mainnet remains GHOSTDAG.</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="Caveat">Not actually parameter-free</td><td data-label="Detail">The paper still requires a client-set bound D covering the latency an attacker could cause, not what the network currently shows (Pass-Shi, Theorem 14). A calm network doesn't license a low D.</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="Caveat">A visible attack doesn't slow every payment</td><td data-label="Detail">A transaction with no visible conflicting spend still confirms on the optimistic timeline above even while the pessimistic case plays out elsewhere in the DAG (§4, footnote 14).</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="Caveat">Efficiency is unsolved</td><td data-label="Detail">KIP-2 itself lists DAGKnight's pseudocode as "highly inefficient" and its rewrite unfinished, a stated reason this is still research four years on.</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="Caveat">The 32-BPS ceiling belongs to GHOSTDAG, not DAGKnight</td><td data-label="Detail">rusty-kaspa's <code>Bps<BPS>::ghostdag_k()</code> is a hardcoded match on precomputed values for 1 through 32; past that the fallback arm reads <code>panic!("see gen_ghostdag_table for currently supported values")</code> (<code>consensus/core/src/config/bps.rs</code><span class="tuck">,</span> checked 2026-08-22).</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="Caveat">Which is why the slider keeps going</td><td data-label="Detail">GHOSTDAG needs a k chosen in advance for a given rate; past 32 means computing a new k and hard-forking. Removing that a priori k is <a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/kips/blob/master/kip-0002.md">KIP-2</a>'s whole premise, so DAGKnight has no table to run out of.</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="Caveat">The upper range is not a target</td><td data-label="Detail">KIP-2 lists the optimal block rate as open research, no number recommended. The repeated "100 blocks/sec, netsplit-resilient" figure traces only to kaspa.org's marketing pages, unconfirmed by any KIP, release, or core-contributor statement.</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="Caveat">No published cost figure, but real efficiency work</td><td data-label="Detail">Contributor coderofstuff (106 of the 129 commits the <code>dagknight</code> branch holds beyond master) builds the UMC-voting redesign on personal fork branches, then merges into kaspanet's own <code>dagknight</code> branch; <code>dk-umc-proposed</code> merged August 14, 2026.</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="Caveat">The write-up explaining it isn't kaspanet's</td><td data-label="Detail">It names KIP-2's "highly inefficient" bottleneck: the paper's recursive UMC-voting algorithm at O(n squared) worst case, with an O(n times K) amortized replacement proposed, on an unofficial personal wiki. The code is real, unmerged to master, not the shipped algorithm.</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</ul>
</details>
</div>
<details>
<summary>Model, formula, and citations</summary>
<div class="model-body">
<div class="table-wrap">
<table class="reality-table">
<thead><tr><th>Topic</th><th>Explanation</th></tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td data-label="Topic">GHOSTDAG's k</td><td data-label="Explanation">rusty-kaspa's own derivation: <code>k = min k̂ such that P(anticone > k̂) < δ</code><span class="tuck">,</span> from <code>x = 2·D·λ</code> (D = assumed max delay, λ = blocks/second) via a Poisson-tail sum. Mainnet's constants are <code>NETWORK_DELAY_BOUND = 5s</code> and <code>GHOSTDAG_TAIL_DELTA = 0.01</code> (<code>consensus/core/src/config/{constants,bps}.rs</code><span class="tuck">)</span>. At λ = 10, D = 5s, k = 124, matching <code>bps.rs</code>'s table (below).</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="Topic">Does a higher block rate lengthen confirmation?</td><td data-label="Explanation">Yes, per the paper (§1.2): "many blocks are created in parallel, blocks suffer from larger anticones, and transactions take longer to confirm," adding "Kaspa's convergence time remains in the order of tens of seconds even when its latency is way below 10 seconds."</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="Topic">The guarantee readouts</td><td data-label="Explanation">Compute the paper's no-visible-attack bound (§1.5.2), O((ln(1/ε)/λ + D)/(1−2α) + D²λ), at ε = 0.01, growing with λ at fixed D. The fixed side substitutes D<sub>max</sub> (the D slider); the adaptive side substitutes D<sub>t</sub> (the actual-latency slider): that's the whole difference between the two readouts.</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="Topic">Sompolinsky's "about 8x," reproduced without inventing a constant</td><td data-label="Explanation">On moving from 10 to 100 blocks a second under GHOSTDAG (Bitcoin Takeover S17 E36, 31:06): "confirmation of transactions will take tens of seconds at least, about 8x long." At a fixed 2 s delay the bound above gives 43 s at ten blocks a second, his "tens of seconds," and 402 s at 100, a 9.3× increase.</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="Topic">A second, independent check</td><td data-label="Explanation">With D fixed at 5 s, the margin formula verified against <code>bps.rs</code> takes k from 124 blocks at 10 per second to 1,074 at 100, an 8.66× increase. Ten blocks buys ten times the speed only if k stays fixed, and GHOSTDAG's own proof forces k up with λ.</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="Topic">Table 1, transcribed</td><td data-label="Explanation">The paper compares four ordering rules' asymptotic convergence time, in blocks (multiply by λ⁻¹ for seconds). D<sub>max</sub> is an a priori worst-case latency bound fixed in advance; D<sub>t</sub> is a bound on current, recent latency (table below).</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="Topic">SPECTRE's "does not converge"</td><td data-label="Explanation">Why it isn't a candidate: it solves only "weak liveness," not the general consensus problem KNIGHT solves (§1, closing paragraph).</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="Topic">PHANTOM's D<sub>max</sub> versus D<sub>t</sub></td><td data-label="Explanation">PHANTOM converges only in terms of D<sub>max</sub>, a worst-case latency chosen in advance, rather than the current D<sub>t</sub> that KNIGHT and SPECTRE track (§4: PHANTOM "converges in terms of D<sub>max</sub> = D only").</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="Topic">The gauges</td><td data-label="Explanation">Come from GHOSTDAG's own anticone-tolerance formula, verified against rusty-kaspa's compiled table. This page reads the paper's Figure 4 shape rather than simulating DAGKnight's k-cluster selection; the worst-case bound one click down leaves its constant c unstated in the paper, so that side is a rough shape.</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="table-wrap">
<table>
<tr><th>bps</th><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>5</td><td>10</td></tr>
<tr><th>k (D = 5 s)</th><td>18</td><td>31</td><td>67</td><td>124</td></tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="table-wrap" style="overflow-x:auto;">
<table>
<tr><th style="text-align:left;">Protocol</th><th>Visible attack</th><th>No visible attack</th></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left;">Nakamoto Consensus</td>
<td>O((ln(1/ε) + D<sub>t</sub>λ) / max{0, (1−α)/(1+D<sub>t</sub>λ) − α})</td>
<td>same, asymptotically</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left;">PHANTOM</td>
<td>O(exp(c₁·D<sub>max</sub>λ/(1−2α)) + ln(1/ε)/(1−2α))</td>
<td>O((ln(1/ε) + D<sub>max</sub>λ)/(1−2α))</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left;">SPECTRE</td>
<td>does not converge</td>
<td>O((ln(1/ε) + D<sub>t</sub>λ)/(1−2α))</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left;">KNIGHT</td>
<td>O(exp(c₂·D<sub>t</sub>λ/(1−2α)) + ln(1/ε)/(1−2α))</td>
<td>O((ln(1/ε) + D<sub>t</sub>λ)/(1−2α) + (D<sub>t</sub>λ)²)</td></tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="table-wrap">
<table class="reality-table">
<thead><tr><th>Source</th><th>Detail</th></tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td data-label="Source"><a href="https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/1494">Sompolinsky & Sutton, "The DAG KNIGHT Protocol"</a></td><td data-label="Detail">IACR ePrint 2022/1494, rev. 24 Feb 2023 (<a href="https://eprint.iacr.org/archive/versions/2022/1494">version history</a>). §§1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5.2, Theorem 14, Figures 3 to 4.</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="Source">Sompolinsky, <a href="https://podscan.fm/podcasts/bitcoin-takeover-podcast">Bitcoin Takeover</a></td><td data-label="Detail">S17 E36 (31:06). Episode page unlocatable as of 24 Aug 2026; show listing linked instead.</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="Source"><a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/kips/blob/master/kip-0002.md">KIP-2</a></td><td data-label="Detail">Status: Proposed. No technical revision since 30 Nov 2022.</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="Source">rusty-kaspa</td><td data-label="Detail"><a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/rusty-kaspa/blob/master/consensus/core/src/config/bps.rs">bps.rs</a>, <a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/rusty-kaspa/blob/master/consensus/core/src/config/params.rs">params.rs</a>, <a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/rusty-kaspa/blob/master/consensus/core/src/config/constants.rs">constants.rs</a>, checked 2026-08-22.</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="Source">kaspanet/rusty-kaspa</td><td data-label="Detail"><a href="https://api.github.com/repos/kaspanet/rusty-kaspa/commits?sha=dagknight">dagknight commit log</a>, checked 2026-08-22.</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="Source">Unofficial</td><td data-label="Detail"><a href="https://github.com/coderofstuff/rusty-kaspa/tree/dagknight">coderofstuff/rusty-kaspa</a>, <a href="https://github.com/coderofstuff/dk-wiki">dk-wiki</a>, checked 2026-08-22.</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</details>
<p class="sr-only" aria-live="polite" id="par-live-region"></p>
</div>
<script>
(function(){
"use strict";
function ghostdagK(x, delta){
var kHat = 0, sigma = 0;
var logTerm = -x;
var guard = 0;
while (true){
sigma += Math.exp(logTerm);
if (1 - sigma < delta || guard > 20000) return kHat;
kHat += 1;
logTerm += Math.log(x) - Math.log(kHat);
guard++;
}
}
var DELTA = 0.01; // GHOSTDAG_TAIL_DELTA
var BPS_TABLE_MAX = 32; // rusty-kaspa's Bps<BPS>::ghostdag_k() match arms stop here; the fallback arm panics above it
var BPS_SLIDER_MAX = 100; // exploratory range on this slider only; not a confirmed network target, see honesty note above
var L_SLIDER_MAX = 20;
var bpsSlider = document.getElementById("par-bps-slider");
var dSlider = document.getElementById("par-d-slider");
var lSlider = document.getElementById("par-l-slider");
var bpsOut = document.getElementById("par-bps-out");
var dOut = document.getElementById("par-d-out");
var lOut = document.getElementById("par-l-out");
var fixedKOut = document.getElementById("par-fixed-k-out");
var fixedReqOut = document.getElementById("par-fixed-req-out");
var fixedFill = document.getElementById("par-fixed-fill");
var fixedCap = document.getElementById("par-fixed-cap");
var fixedTableEnd = document.getElementById("par-fixed-tableend");
var fixedOver = document.getElementById("par-fixed-over");
var fixedTimeOut = document.getElementById("par-fixed-time-out");
var fixedVerdict = document.getElementById("par-fixed-verdict");
var adaptKOut = document.getElementById("par-adapt-k-out");
var adaptFill = document.getElementById("par-adapt-fill");
var adaptTimeOut = document.getElementById("par-adapt-time-out");
var adaptVerdict = document.getElementById("par-adapt-verdict");
var payoffLine = document.getElementById("par-payoff-line");
var alphaSlider = document.getElementById("par-alpha-slider");
var alphaOut = document.getElementById("par-alpha-out");
var optTimeOut = document.getElementById("par-opt-time-out");
var optVerdict = document.getElementById("par-opt-verdict");
var pessTimeOut = document.getElementById("par-pess-time-out");
var pessFill = document.getElementById("par-pess-fill");
var pessVerdict = document.getElementById("par-pess-verdict");
var regimePayoffLine = document.getElementById("par-regime-payoff-line");
var EPSILON = 0.01;
var LN_INV_EPS = Math.log(1 / EPSILON);
var PESS_C = 1;
var SECONDS_PER_YEAR = 365.25 * 86400;
// The paper calls this exact bound "far from tight" (section 1.5.2) past roughly 100 years;
// below that this prints an exact duration, past it a meter and an order of magnitude
// instead of a longer digit string.
var LOOSE_BOUND_YEARS_LOG10 = Math.log(100) / Math.LN10;
function fmtSecondsHuman(s){
if (s < 1) return Math.round(s * 1000) + " ms";
if (s < 60) return (s < 10 ? s.toFixed(1) : Math.round(s)) + " s";
if (s < 3600) return (s / 60).toFixed(1) + " min";
if (s < 86400) return Math.round(s / 3600) + " h";
if (s < 604800) return Math.round(s / 86400) + " d";
if (s < 31557600) return Math.round(s / 604800) + " wk";
return Math.round(s / 31557600) + " yr";
}
// Formats a duration given only its natural log in seconds, so the attacked-case
// bound (which routinely produces astronomical results) never has to pass through
// Math.exp() and overflow. Below ~100 years it prints an exact human duration; past
// that it prints an order of magnitude instead of a digit string the page would then
// have to apologize for.
function fmtLogSecondsHuman(lnSeconds){
var log10Years = (lnSeconds - Math.log(SECONDS_PER_YEAR)) / Math.LN10;
if (log10Years < 6) return fmtSecondsHuman(Math.exp(lnSeconds));
return "~10^" + Math.floor(log10Years) + " yr";
}
// The paper's own pessimistic (visible-attack) confirmation-time bound, restated in
// both Table 1 and section 1.5.2: O((1/lambda)*(exp(c*D*lambda/(1-2*alpha)) +
// ln(1/eps)/(1-2*alpha))). D is the paper's D_max (PHANTOM, fixed worst case) or D_t
// (KNIGHT, tracked recent latency); that substitution is the only difference between
// the two protocols in this formula. Returns the natural log of the bound in seconds,
// computed in log space so a huge exponent never has to pass through Math.exp().
function pessimisticBoundLn(D, BPS, alpha){
var denom = 1 - 2 * alpha;
var expArg = PESS_C * D * BPS / denom;
var lnEpsTerm = LN_INV_EPS / denom;
var lnSum = expArg > 40 ? expArg : Math.log(Math.exp(expArg) + lnEpsTerm);
return lnSum - Math.log(BPS);
}
// The paper's own optimistic (no visible attack) confirmation-time bound, restated in
// both Table 1 and section 1.5.2: O((ln(1/eps)/lambda + D)/(1-2*alpha) + D^2*lambda).
// Unlike the pessimistic bound above, this one carries no unspecified constant, so its
// output is a real number the paper commits to, not an illustrative placeholder. D is
// D_max (PHANTOM, fixed) or D_t (KNIGHT, tracked); that substitution is the only
// difference between the two protocols here too.
function optimisticBoundSeconds(D, BPS, alpha){
var denom = 1 - 2 * alpha;
return (LN_INV_EPS / BPS + D) / denom + D * D * BPS;
}
function renderRegimes(BPS, L, alpha){
var denom = 1 - 2 * alpha;
var optSeconds = optimisticBoundSeconds(L, BPS, alpha);
optTimeOut.textContent = fmtSecondsHuman(optSeconds);
optVerdict.textContent = "No cap to exceed here, just a wait.";
var lnPessSeconds = pessimisticBoundLn(L, BPS, alpha);
var log10Years = (lnPessSeconds - Math.log(SECONDS_PER_YEAR)) / Math.LN10;
var pessLabel, pessFillPct;
if (log10Years < LOOSE_BOUND_YEARS_LOG10){
pessLabel = fmtLogSecondsHuman(lnPessSeconds);
pessFillPct = Math.max(4, (log10Years / LOOSE_BOUND_YEARS_LOG10) * 30);
pessVerdict.textContent = "The paper's worst-case bound for a visible attack, at this rate and share.";
} else {
pessLabel = "off the scale, past 10^" + Math.floor(log10Years) + " years";
pessFillPct = Math.min(100, 30 + (log10Years - LOOSE_BOUND_YEARS_LOG10) * 2.5);
pessVerdict.textContent = "The paper calls this exact bound \"far from tight\": the growth is real, the precise digit past this point is not.";
}
pessTimeOut.textContent = pessLabel;
pessFill.style.width = pessFillPct + "%";
regimePayoffLine.textContent = "Calm: " + fmtSecondsHuman(optSeconds) + ". Under attack: " + pessLabel + ".";
}
function render(){
var BPS = parseFloat(bpsSlider.value);
var D = parseFloat(dSlider.value);
var L = parseFloat(lSlider.value);
var alpha = parseFloat(alphaSlider.value) / 100;
alphaOut.textContent = alphaSlider.value + "%";
var beyondTable = BPS > BPS_TABLE_MAX;
// Past 32 bps rusty-kaspa has no table entry, but the formula behind
// the table runs at any rate. Compute it rather than freeze, so the
// reader sees what extending GHOSTDAG would actually cost.
var configuredK = ghostdagK(2 * D * BPS, DELTA);
var requiredK = ghostdagK(2 * L * BPS, DELTA);
bpsOut.textContent = BPS + " block" + (BPS === 1 ? "" : "s") + " per second" +
(BPS === 10 ? " (Kaspa mainnet's Crescendo-era rate)" : "") +
(beyondTable ? ", past GHOSTDAG's table, which stops at 32" : "");
var dIsMainnet = D === 5;
var kIsMainnet = dIsMainnet && BPS === 10;
dOut.textContent = "Assumed worst case: " + D.toFixed(1) + " s" + (dIsMainnet ? " (mainnet's real setting)" : "") +
" → margin needed: " + configuredK + " blocks" + (kIsMainnet ? " (mainnet's real margin)" : "") +
(beyondTable ? " (computed, past the shipped table)" : "");
lOut.textContent = L.toFixed(1) + " s (margin this actually needs: " + requiredK + " blocks)";
fixedKOut.textContent = configuredK + " blocks";
fixedReqOut.textContent = requiredK + " blocks";
var over = requiredK > configuredK;
var scale = Math.max(configuredK, requiredK) * 1.25;
fixedCap.style.left = ((configuredK / scale) * 100) + "%";
fixedFill.style.width = ((requiredK / scale) * 100) + "%";
fixedFill.style.background = over ? "var(--orange)" : "var(--cyan)";
if (beyondTable){
fixedTableEnd.hidden = false;
fixedTableEnd.textContent = "Past the shipped table";
} else {
fixedTableEnd.hidden = true;
}
if (over){
var factor = (requiredK / configuredK);
fixedOver.hidden = false;
fixedOver.textContent = factor.toFixed(1) + "× over margin";
} else {
fixedOver.hidden = true;
}
// The paper's own optimistic (no visible attack) confirmation-time formula
// (Table 1, section 1.5.2), not the k/BPS proxy above and not the pessimistic
// worst-case bound one click down: PHANTOM (this side) uses D_max, the assumed
// worst-case delay, fixed by the slider above regardless of what the network is
// actually doing. This formula carries no unspecified constant.
var fixedOptSeconds = optimisticBoundSeconds(D, BPS, alpha);
fixedTimeOut.textContent = fmtSecondsHuman(fixedOptSeconds);
if (beyondTable){
fixedVerdict.className = "verdict unsafe";
fixedVerdict.textContent = "rusty-kaspa has no table entry at this rate. Running this margin on mainnet means hard-forking the constant in ahead of time, the a-priori choice DAGKnight removes.";
} else if (over){
fixedVerdict.className = "verdict unsafe";
fixedVerdict.textContent = "Honest blocks now fall outside the margin, and the network reads them as an attack.";
} else {
fixedVerdict.className = "verdict safe";
fixedVerdict.textContent = "No honest block looks like an attack at this delivery speed.";
}
adaptKOut.textContent = requiredK + " blocks";
adaptFill.style.width = ((requiredK / scale) * 100) + "%";
// Same formula, same shared alpha and epsilon; KNIGHT (this side) uses D_t, the
// tracked-latency slider, instead of D_max. That substitution is the only thing that
// differs from the fixed side above.
var adaptOptSeconds = optimisticBoundSeconds(L, BPS, alpha);
adaptTimeOut.textContent = fmtSecondsHuman(adaptOptSeconds);
adaptVerdict.textContent = "Nobody has to retune this by hand when the network slows down.";
// Ratio between the two sides' bounds. This formula has no unspecified constant, so
// this ratio, unlike the pessimistic one one click down, is a real number the paper
// commits to, not an illustrative one.
// One idea per sentence: the guarantee-time sentence used to carry two
// quantities and a multiplier in a single clause ("...4.3 min against
// DAGKnight's 3.7 s; GHOSTDAG's is currently 69.4x DAGKnight's"), which read
// as a single dense breath. The multiplier now attaches to the slower side's
// own number instead of trailing as a bolt-on fragment, so the sentence names
// one relationship, not three separate facts stitched together.
var ratioMultiple = fixedOptSeconds >= adaptOptSeconds ?
(fixedOptSeconds / adaptOptSeconds).toFixed(1) + "×" :
(adaptOptSeconds / fixedOptSeconds).toFixed(1) + "×";
var boundNote;
if (fixedOptSeconds > adaptOptSeconds * 1.02) {
boundNote = "GHOSTDAG's guarantee runs " + ratioMultiple + " as long as DAGKnight's here, because the actual latency set above is better than its fixed assumption.";
} else if (adaptOptSeconds > fixedOptSeconds * 1.02) {
boundNote = "DAGKnight's guarantee runs " + ratioMultiple + " as long as GHOSTDAG's here, because the actual latency set above is worse than GHOSTDAG's fixed assumption.";
} else {
boundNote = "Both guarantees land at about the same point right now.";
}
if (beyondTable){
payoffLine.textContent = boundNote + " That gap is the whole “parameterless” claim.";
} else if (over){
payoffLine.textContent = "Honest blocks now read as an attack to GHOSTDAG, which is fixed at " + D.toFixed(1) + " s of assumed delay. " + boundNote;
} else {
// The trailing sentence used to restate the two panel headings, "fixed margin"
// and "adjustable margin", which are three inches away and already say it.
payoffLine.textContent = boundNote;
}
var live = document.getElementById("par-live-region");
live.textContent = beyondTable ? "Past the shipped table: the fixed margin is computed from the formula, not read from rusty-kaspa." :
(over ? "The fixed-margin side is now unsafe at this latency." : "The fixed-margin side is safe at this latency.");
renderRegimes(BPS, L, alpha);
}
function clearScenarioState(){
Array.prototype.forEach.call(document.querySelectorAll("#parameterless-demo .scenario-btns button"), function(b){ b.setAttribute("aria-pressed", "false"); });
}
bpsSlider.addEventListener("input", render);
dSlider.addEventListener("input", function(){ clearScenarioState(); render(); });
lSlider.addEventListener("input", function(){ clearScenarioState(); render(); });
alphaSlider.addEventListener("input", render);
Array.prototype.forEach.call(document.querySelectorAll("#parameterless-demo .scenario-btns button"), function(btn){
btn.addEventListener("click", function(){
lSlider.value = btn.getAttribute("data-l");
Array.prototype.forEach.call(document.querySelectorAll("#parameterless-demo .scenario-btns button"), function(b){ b.setAttribute("aria-pressed", "false"); });
btn.setAttribute("aria-pressed", "true");
render();
});
});
render();
})();
</script>
</section>
<section class="section">
<p class="eyebrow">Conventions</p>
<h2 id="kcc">Kaspa Calls for Conventions</h2>
<p class="lead">Builder agreements on encoding. Four documents are merged. The <a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/kccs/blob/main/kcc-0000.md">KCC-0 process document</a> is Final after <a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/kccs/pull/25">PR #25 merged</a>, and the README index now agrees. KCC-1 and KCC-2 moved to Last Call on 1 October 2026 (<a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/kccs/pull/32">PR #32</a>, <a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/kccs/pull/33">PR #33</a>). KCC-20 remains Draft. None of the technical conventions is Final.</p>
<div id="kcc-groups">
<details class="deep-dive" open>
<summary>The four merged KCCs and their status</summary>
<div class="table-wrap">
<table class="reality-table">
<thead><tr><th>Proposal</th><th>Opened</th><th>State</th></tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td data-label="Proposal">KCC-0 KCC purpose, format, lifecycle and finalization criteria</td><td data-label="Opened">2026-08-25</td><td data-label="State">Merged, Status: Final</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="Proposal">KCC-0001 covenant definition, concepts, byte layout and ABI</td><td data-label="Opened">2026-07-15</td><td data-label="State">Merged, Status: Last Call (1 Oct 2026)</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="Proposal">KCC-0002 authority schemes for program ABIs</td><td data-label="Opened">2026-07-20</td><td data-label="State">Merged, Status: Last Call (1 Oct 2026)</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="Proposal">KCC-0020 fungible token covenant specification</td><td data-label="Opened">2026-07-15</td><td data-label="State">Merged, Status: Draft</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</details>
<details class="deep-dive">
<summary id="kcc-open-summary">Open pull requests (7)</summary>
<div class="table-wrap">
<table class="reality-table">
<thead><tr><th>Proposal</th><th>Opened</th><th>State</th></tr></thead>
<tbody id="kcc-body">
<tr><td data-label="Proposal"><a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/kccs/pull/4">KCC-0402 covenant payment channels</a></td><td data-label="Opened">2026-07-19</td><td data-label="State">Open pull request</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="Proposal"><a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/kccs/pull/24">KCC-12</a></td><td data-label="Opened">2026-09-11</td><td data-label="State">Open pull request</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="Proposal"><a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/kccs/pull/26">KCC-23 Metadata JSON</a></td><td data-label="Opened">2026-09-12</td><td data-label="State">Open pull request</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="Proposal"><a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/kccs/pull/29">Reputation, bond, and identity registry covenants</a></td><td data-label="Opened">2026-09-21</td><td data-label="State">Open pull request</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="Proposal"><a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/kccs/pull/31">KCC-20 Last Call proposal</a></td><td data-label="Opened">2026-09-22</td><td data-label="State">Open pull request</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="Proposal"><a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/kccs/pull/35">Mobile wallet session and pairing API (unnumbered KCC)</a></td><td data-label="Opened">2026-10-02</td><td data-label="State">Open pull request</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="Proposal"><a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/kccs/pull/36">Covenant v2 initial draft</a></td><td data-label="Opened">2026-10-03</td><td data-label="State">Open pull request</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p>The <a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/kccs/pull/4">KCC-0402 author</a> cites k402 and live mainnet payment channels. The open proposal does not establish a Final convention or broad adoption.</p>
</details>
<details class="deep-dive">
<summary>Closed without merging</summary>
<div class="table-wrap">
<table class="reality-table">
<thead><tr><th>Proposal</th><th>Opened</th><th>State</th></tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr><td data-label="Proposal"><a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/kccs/pull/6">KCC-0021 token metadata</a></td><td data-label="Opened">2026-07-23</td><td data-label="State">Closed 25 Sep 2026; no KCC-21 merged</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="Proposal"><a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/kccs/pull/20">KCC-20 conformance vectors</a></td><td data-label="Opened">2026-08-29</td><td data-label="State">Closed 27 Sep 2026; this PR did not merge</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="Proposal"><a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/kccs/pull/23">KCC-2 ECDSA schemes</a></td><td data-label="Opened">2026-09-02</td><td data-label="State">Closed without merging</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="Proposal">KCC-0008 through KCC-0024 multi-token, token, and commerce standards</td><td data-label="Opened">2026-07-25</td><td data-label="State">Closed, not merged (three attempts)</td></tr>
<tr><td data-label="Proposal">KCC-0025 license agreement</td><td data-label="Opened">2026-07-28</td><td data-label="State">Closed, not merged</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</details>
</div>
<p class="live-footnote" id="kcc-stamp">Baseline: KCC repository, 6 October 2026. The checked fallback and client fetch cover open PRs; merged lifecycle labels remain separately sourced from the files and repository index.</p>
<p class="fit-note">KCC-0001 defines a covenant's byte layout. <a href="/build-on-kaspa#covenant-breaker-demo">Covenant breaker demo</a>: attacks a vault, shows the stopping rule.</p>
<p><a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/kccs/blob/main/kcc-0020.md">KCC-0020</a> remains Draft. Its current text treats <code>extension_commitment</code> as part of fungibility: the standard transfer combines only states with identical commitments. <a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/kccs/pull/31">PR #31</a> proposes Last Call; it has not merged.</p>
<p class="eyebrow">Try it</p>
<h3>Why two states do not consolidate</h3>
<div class="kip-supply-split-demo" id="supply-split-demo">
<p class="lead">You and Sam hold cells with different extension commitments. The standard transfer treats them as different fungibility classes.</p>
<p class="fictional-note">A made-up token; the standard is real, this token is not.</p>
<div class="stage">
<div class="scene">
<div class="wallet">
<div class="wallet-label">You</div>
<div class="coin-row" id="sup-rowYou"></div>
</div>
<div class="link-glyph" id="sup-linkGlyph" aria-hidden="true">⇄</div>
<div class="wallet">
<div class="wallet-label">Sam</div>
<div class="coin-row" id="sup-rowSam"></div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="supply-line" id="sup-supplyLine">9 coins. <b>One shared supply.</b></p>
<div class="controls">
<button class="action-btn" id="sup-actionBtn" type="button">Change Sam's class</button>
<button class="reset-btn" id="sup-resetBtn" type="button">Reset</button>
</div>
<p class="caption" id="sup-caption">With the same extension commitment, the standard transfer can combine these cells.</p>
</div>
<p class="consequence" id="sup-consequence" role="status" aria-live="polite" hidden>Different fungibility classes require matching extension commitments for the standard transfer.</p>
<details>
<summary>What the spec's own authors said about this</summary>
<div class="quotes-body">
<p class="note">A fictional stand-in for KCC-0020: the standard transfer combines cells only when their extension commitments match.</p>
<blockquote>
“My view is that the combination of extended state, alongside token-specific entry points, allows for various use cases which are not only write-once, nor only for a singleton token. The standard transfer function, though, is meant to transfer fungible tokens, hence, it assumes that inputs and outputs state (excluding ownership and amount) must be identical (or else could not be treated as fungible)”
<cite>Sivan Helfer (Manyfestation), KCC-0020 co-author · <a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/kccs/issues/14" target="_blank" rel="noopener">github.com/kaspanet/kccs/issues/14</a></cite>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
“I can relate bcs example extensions that come to mind indeed illustrate this. for instance a <code>frozen</code> bool indicator which can be used by stable coin issuer for black listing, indeed renders the token as temporarily non fungible.”
<cite>Michael Sutton, KCC-0020 co-author · <a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/kccs/issues/14" target="_blank" rel="noopener">github.com/kaspanet/kccs/issues/14</a></cite>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
“I had one conceptual exception, but I think it means it's a wrong pattern. The example would be some contract using the ext state for storing receipt-like information… It mutates all the time but isn't part of the state that matters. I guess this pattern only makes sense if it was well defined as part of the std, and not as an opaque virtual state”
<cite>Michael Sutton, KCC-0020 co-author · <a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/kccs/issues/14" target="_blank" rel="noopener">github.com/kaspanet/kccs/issues/14</a></cite>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
“I agree that kind of pattern should either be defined in the standard or implemented in a non state storage (maybe the payload, as you once suggested).”
<cite>Sivan Helfer (Manyfestation), KCC-0020 co-author · <a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/kccs/issues/14" target="_blank" rel="noopener">github.com/kaspanet/kccs/issues/14</a></cite>
</blockquote>
<p class="note">PR #16 merged on 27 August 2026 and made identical <code>extension_commitment</code> a condition of fungibility for the standard transfer. <a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/kccs/issues/14#issuecomment-5385039279" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Issue #14's reporter said the discussion cleared up the model and that neither proposed fix was right</a>. <a href="https://github.com/kaspanet/kccs/blob/main/kcc-0020.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener">KCC-0020</a> remains Draft.</p>
</div>
</details>
</div>
<script>
(function () {
"use strict";
var YOU_COUNT = 4, SAM_COUNT = 5, TOTAL = YOU_COUNT + SAM_COUNT;
var COIN_GLYPH = "●";
var step; // start -> updated -> refused
var rowYou = document.getElementById("sup-rowYou");
var rowSam = document.getElementById("sup-rowSam");
var linkGlyph = document.getElementById("sup-linkGlyph");
var supplyLine = document.getElementById("sup-supplyLine");
var btn = document.getElementById("sup-actionBtn");
var resetBtn = document.getElementById("sup-resetBtn");
var caption = document.getElementById("sup-caption");
var consequence = document.getElementById("sup-consequence");
function buildRow(container, count, flagged) {
container.innerHTML = "";
for (var i = 0; i < count; i++) {
var el = document.createElement("div");
el.className = "coin" + (flagged ? " flagged" : "");
el.textContent = COIN_GLYPH;
el.setAttribute("role", "img");
el.setAttribute("aria-label", (flagged ? "updated coin" : "coin"));
container.appendChild(el);
}
}
function updateSam() {
buildRow(rowSam, SAM_COUNT, true);
supplyLine.innerHTML = TOTAL + " coins. <b>Two fungibility classes now.</b>";
caption.className = "caption";
caption.innerHTML = "Sam's cells now carry a different extension commitment. The standard transfer treats Sam's cells and yours as different fungibility classes.";
btn.textContent = "Pay Sam 2 coins";
step = "updated";
}
function paySam() {
var coins = rowYou.querySelectorAll(".coin");
for (var i = 0; i < 2 && i < coins.length; i++) {
coins[i].classList.add("sending");
}
linkGlyph.textContent = "⊘";
linkGlyph.classList.add("blocked");
caption.className = "caption refuse-msg";
caption.innerHTML = "Refused by the standard transfer. Inputs with different extension commitments cannot be consolidated. A program-specific transition, if defined, has its own rules.";
consequence.hidden = false;
btn.textContent = "Start over";
step = "done";