From 603e9e9d07b34b7625a08af5ae2f8424b3bc5f4f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Gaute=20R=C3=B8nningen?= Date: Tue, 10 Mar 2026 14:28:57 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 01/17] docs: remove trailing whitespace and normalize spacing in paragraphs Made-with: Cursor --- Nordic MathML Guidelines.md | 39 ++++++++++++++++++++----------------- 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-) diff --git a/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md b/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md index 90e00af..ca952c6 100644 --- a/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md +++ b/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ The basis of this document is the [MathML Core specification](https://www.w3.org ## When To Use MathML -In general, all mathematics should be marked up with MathML. Even simple arithmetic expressions such as 4 − 1 = 3, should be in MathML. Sometimes a mathematical expression is additional information, and the expression is placed inside parentheses. For consistency, always include the parentheses inside the MathML markup. For example, in the sentence “the price for three pairs of jeans was 90 euros (30 € × 3), and he paid for them in cash”, include the parentheses in the MathML markup. +In general, all mathematics should be marked up with MathML. Even simple arithmetic expressions such as 4 − 1 = 3, should be in MathML. Sometimes a mathematical expression is additional information, and the expression is placed inside parentheses. For consistency, always include the parentheses inside the MathML markup. For example, in the sentence “the price for three pairs of jeans was 90 euros (30 € × 3), and he paid for them in cash”, include the parentheses in the MathML markup. ### Numbers and Numbers with Units @@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ The Ordering Agency may decide if the `alttext` and `altimg` attributes should b #### Block vs Inline -Mathematical expressions can occur in three different ways: +Mathematical expressions can occur in three different ways: - as part of a sentence or paragraph as an inline element - as part of a sentence or paragraph as a block element @@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ Mathematical expressions can occur in three different ways: The way in which a math expression is visually rendered is controlled by the `display` attribute of the `` element. When the value of this attribute is set to `block`, the expression will be visually rendered as a separate block. The value `inline` will render the math expression as part of the paragraph it occurs in. Note that the default value of the `display` attribute is `inline`, meaning that it does not need to be declared for inline math. -A mathematical expression being inline as part of an ongoing sentence or paragraph should be marked up as follows: +A mathematical expression being inline as part of an ongoing sentence or paragraph should be marked up as follows: ```html

Here is an inline equation: @@ -103,9 +103,9 @@ The example will be rendered as follows: Here is an inline equation: $x = 5.$ -**Note:** Make sure to have space between the normal text and the MathML markup. +**Note:** Make sure to have space between the normal text and the MathML markup. -It is common in STEM books for a mathematical expression to be part of a sentence or paragraph, yet displayed as a separate block element. In such examples it is important to place the `` element inside the ongoing paragraph and use `display="block"`. Here is an example: +It is common in STEM books for a mathematical expression to be part of a sentence or paragraph, yet displayed as a separate block element. In such examples it is important to place the `` element inside the ongoing paragraph and use `display="block"`. Here is an example: ```html

To find the mean of a set of observations, add the values and divide by the number of observations: @@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ This can be written in more compact form: \bar{x} = \frac{1}{n}∑x_i. ``` -Other times the mathematical expression is a stand-alone element, not part of an ongoing sentence or paragraph. In such examples it is important to place the `` element inside a `

` element or something similar. Here is an example: +Other times the mathematical expression is a stand-alone element, not part of an ongoing sentence or paragraph. In such examples it is important to place the `` element inside a `

` element or something similar. Here is an example: ```html

Text preceding a stand-alone block of math content.

@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ Text preceding a stand-alone block of math content. a + b = c. ``` -Sometimes a mathematical expression consists of multiple mathematical expressions, and they all appear on the same line. Examples are functions where the domain is a restricted interval, or a differential equation with an intial value. In such cases, all the expressions should be captured in the same `` element separated by ``. Here is an example: +Sometimes a mathematical expression consists of multiple mathematical expressions, and they all appear on the same line. Examples are functions where the domain is a restricted interval, or a differential equation with an intial value. In such cases, all the expressions should be captured in the same `` element separated by ``. Here is an example: ```html

The curve is represented by the equation @@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ The `` element is used to denote functions, variables, units, and other iden Functions and function names are identifiers: `tan`, `sin` or `log`. -Units are identifiers. For example meter `m` or second `s`. When units are written using multiple letters, they should be marked up as a single element: `Nm`. Depending on the layout of the unit, you have to use other MathML elements to mark up a single unit such as metre per second squared: +Units are identifiers. For example meter `m` or second `s`. When units are written using multiple letters, they should be marked up as a single element: `Nm`. Depending on the layout of the unit, you have to use other MathML elements to mark up a single unit such as metre per second squared: ```html @@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ Units are identifiers. For example meter `m` or se ``` -Which renders as $\frac{\text{m}}{\text{s}^2}$. +Which renders as $\frac{\text{m}}{\text{s}^2}$. Note that the attribute mathvariant="normal" is necessary for a single-letter unit not to be in italic. The ellipsis or three dots … is also an identifier `…`. @@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ The explanatory text in between the math expressions should be regular text and

After this lemma [mathematical expression] we can see that this holds for [more mathematical expression] and it happens so.

``` -`` should only be used in places where the visual rendering requires it. +`` should only be used in places where the visual rendering requires it. Examples of this are in tabular math, such as equation solving, and what is often seen in text books: $\frac{\text{numerator}}{\text{denominator}}$. @@ -759,7 +759,8 @@ Sometimes multiple prescripts and postscripts are attached to the same base, e.g ``` -In the example, A is the base. `` marks where the prescripts begin. +In the example, A is the base. `` marks where the prescripts begin. + - `A` is the base element. - `m` is a postscript subscript. - `n` and `p` are postscript superscripts. @@ -979,11 +980,12 @@ For labeled equations that are part of a paragraph, place the `` element i

``` -To reference the equation, use the anchor tag and the href attribute. For example: +To reference the equation, use the anchor tag and the href attribute. For example: -```html +```html

From equation (1.1) we can see that...

``` + Place the id for the equation on the `

` element if the `` element is the only element inside the `

` element. ```html @@ -1242,7 +1244,7 @@ Units that contain operators must be marked up correctly, and the whole unit wra ### Systems of Equations -Systems of equations are tabular math. See the section Tabular math for more information. +Systems of equations are tabular math. See the section Tabular math for more information. Example rendering and markup of a pair of equations: @@ -1386,7 +1388,7 @@ Example of the rendering and mark up of equation solving with commentary text: ![matrix multiplication with blank squares in the rightmost matrix](images/fill-in-blanks.png) -Equations or expressions may contain space for filling in the blanks, such as in the example above. The blank spaces should be marked up using the Unicode symbol ⎕ (`⎕`) in `` tags. +Equations or expressions may contain space for filling in the blanks, such as in the example above. The blank spaces should be marked up using the Unicode symbol ⎕ (`⎕`) in `` tags. ### When to use images of mathematical content @@ -1567,7 +1569,7 @@ Some country-specific mathematical notation should be taken into account in the #### Coordinates -The coordinate (1, 2) should be marked up as follows: +The coordinate (1, 2) should be marked up as follows: ```html @@ -1583,8 +1585,9 @@ The coordinate (1,1, 2) should be marked up as follows: ``` -**Note:** Notice the difference between the two examples: -- The first example has x-coordinate 1 and y-coordinate 2. +**Note:** Notice the difference between the two examples: + +- The first example has x-coordinate 1 and y-coordinate 2. - The second example has x-coordinate 1,1 and y-coordinate 2. It is imporant to separate comma as a decimal separator and comma as an operator. From a3a7aec573ec956e10d0b47b6c3437a9e1e884e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Gaute=20R=C3=B8nningen?= Date: Tue, 10 Mar 2026 14:31:30 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 02/17] docs: add blank lines before and after code blocks and lists Made-with: Cursor --- Nordic MathML Guidelines.md | 26 +++++++++++++++++++++++--- 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md b/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md index ca952c6..7fa064d 100644 --- a/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md +++ b/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md @@ -99,6 +99,7 @@ A mathematical expression being inline as part of an ongoing sentence or paragra

``` + The example will be rendered as follows: Here is an inline equation: $x = 5.$ @@ -135,7 +136,8 @@ It is common in STEM books for a mathematical expression to be part of a sentenc

``` -The example will be rendered as follows: + +The example will be rendered as follows: To find the mean of a set of observations, add the values and divide by the number of observations: ``` math @@ -161,6 +163,7 @@ Other times the mathematical expression is a stand-alone element, not part of an

``` + The example will be rendered as follows: Text preceding a stand-alone block of math content. @@ -185,7 +188,8 @@ Sometimes a mathematical expression consists of multiple mathematical expression

``` -The example will be rendered as follows: + +The example will be rendered as follows: ``` math r = \sqrt{|\text{sin}(nθ)|}, \hspace{1em} 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π. @@ -234,6 +238,7 @@ The `` element is used to mark up all kinds of numeric characters. This also There are different ways to mark up the decimal and thousand separators based on the publication. Follow the mark up of the publication unless specifically told otherwise by the Ordering Agency. Examples of decimal and thousand separator markup includes + - comma as a decimal separator: `3,14` - non-breaking space as a thousand separator: `89 000` - period as a decimal separator: `2.74` @@ -250,6 +255,7 @@ The percent sign is a `` element. For example 50 percent should be written a The same character can be used in a different meaning based on the context. For example, the comma can be part of a number but in a sequence the comma is an operator. The sequence {1,2,3,…} written in MathML: + ```html { @@ -461,6 +467,7 @@ Exampe of rendering a determinant when the `` hasn't been used at all: The element `` is used for fractions, but also for other mathematical expressions that have the same visual layout such as the binomial. Example mark up for a fraction: + ```html @@ -472,8 +479,8 @@ Example mark up for a fraction: The fraction rendered: $\frac{5}{2}$. - Example mark up for a binomial: + ```html ( @@ -675,6 +682,7 @@ Sometimes it is necessary to nest multiple `` elements. For example when ![1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10, with bottom brace below, with sum of the first 10 positive integers below](images/nested-munder.PNG) Mark up for this expression is as follows + ```html @@ -848,6 +856,7 @@ If there is mathematical notation that cannot be achieved with an HTML `` Any mathematical notation that spans multiple lines should be marked up with the MathML ``. Some use cases for tabular math include: + - matrices - determinants - piecewise functions @@ -943,6 +952,7 @@ Example of a piecewise function. It is important that the different expressions ``` Some notation might look like tabular math, but is not. Some possibilities for confusion: + - absolute value $|x+2|$ - intervals $[5,15]$. @@ -955,6 +965,7 @@ If the rows and columns need to be spanned across multiple cells, use the `rowsp Note that `columnspan` is written this way due to backwards compatability for MathML 3. ### Labeling and referencing equations + It is common to label equations and then reference these equations later on in mathematical text. In MathML the `` element is used to mark up labeled equations. For labeled equations that are part of a paragraph, place the `` element inside a `` element, and place the id for the equation on the `` element. @@ -1152,6 +1163,7 @@ When the large operator is written inline with the other text, there is no need ![Text: The summation is inline with the text ∑ sub A as you can see.](images/summation-inline.png/) Mark up: + ```html

The summation is inline with the text @@ -1196,6 +1208,7 @@ When the operator should be rendered inline, but as block element, it can be don as you can see.

``` + **Note**: The attribute `displaystyle` used in this markup is not yet supported by the Nordic epub validator. ### Invisible Operators @@ -1498,6 +1511,7 @@ To mark up chemistry in MathML, follow these general principles. - Use `` to mark up each element in molecules. For example, $\text{NaCl}$ would be marked up as `NaCl`. - Use `` for singular elements. Examples below. - Use `` and `` to mark up subscripts and superscripts, respectively. For example, to represent $\text{H}_2\text{O}$: + ```html @@ -1507,7 +1521,9 @@ To mark up chemistry in MathML, follow these general principles. O ``` + - Use `` to mark up isotopes. For example, to represent $^{14}\text{C}$: + ```html @@ -1520,7 +1536,9 @@ To mark up chemistry in MathML, follow these general principles. ``` + - Use `` for operators like arrows. For example, to represent a chemical reaction like $H_2 + O_2 \rightarrow H_2O$: + ```html @@ -1599,6 +1617,7 @@ This notation means that the numerator and the denominator are multiplied by the ![On the left side of the fraction 3/5 is a superscript '2)'.](images/fraction-multiplication-notation.png) In MathML it is marked up as + ```html @@ -1623,6 +1642,7 @@ Then the respective division notation: ![The fraction 6/9 has a superscript '(3' on the right side of the fraction.](images/fraction-division-notation.png) The mark up in MathML: + ```html From 87850881d9ac8c482db798e3945a65907aa5e514 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Gaute=20R=C3=B8nningen?= Date: Tue, 10 Mar 2026 14:31:54 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 03/17] docs: use 981 for rendered math examples instead of ``` math Made-with: Cursor --- Nordic MathML Guidelines.md | 22 +++++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md b/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md index 7fa064d..23f4215 100644 --- a/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md +++ b/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md @@ -140,13 +140,16 @@ It is common in STEM books for a mathematical expression to be part of a sentenc The example will be rendered as follows: To find the mean of a set of observations, add the values and divide by the number of observations: -``` math + +$$ \bar{x} = \frac{x_1 + x_2 + … + x_n}{n} -``` -This can be written in more compact form: -``` math +$$ + +This can be written in more compact form: + +$$ \bar{x} = \frac{1}{n}∑x_i. -``` +$$ Other times the mathematical expression is a stand-alone element, not part of an ongoing sentence or paragraph. In such examples it is important to place the `` element inside a `

` element or something similar. Here is an example: @@ -167,9 +170,10 @@ Other times the mathematical expression is a stand-alone element, not part of an The example will be rendered as follows: Text preceding a stand-alone block of math content. -``` math + +$$ a + b = c. -``` +$$ Sometimes a mathematical expression consists of multiple mathematical expressions, and they all appear on the same line. Examples are functions where the domain is a restricted interval, or a differential equation with an intial value. In such cases, all the expressions should be captured in the same `` element separated by ``. Here is an example: @@ -191,9 +195,9 @@ Sometimes a mathematical expression consists of multiple mathematical expression The example will be rendered as follows: -``` math +$$ r = \sqrt{|\text{sin}(nθ)|}, \hspace{1em} 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π. -``` +$$ ### Semantics and Annotations From 94e3a1d9a424ef01c246479f40c7d464f147abb2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Gaute=20R=C3=B8nningen?= Date: Tue, 10 Mar 2026 14:32:18 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 04/17] docs: use hyphen list markers instead of asterisk for consistency Made-with: Cursor --- Nordic MathML Guidelines.md | 25 +++++++++++++------------ 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) diff --git a/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md b/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md index 23f4215..45a24fe 100644 --- a/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md +++ b/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md @@ -1572,16 +1572,17 @@ Some content requires extra attention. A few recurring cases are listed below. Using the correct Unicode characters is essential for a screen reader or braille display to be able to do its job. Even if characters are visually similar, they will be read or displayed wrong if the OCR assigns the wrong Unicode entities. A few examples of visually similar characters: -* Greek letter γ and latin y. -* Greek letter ρ and latin p. -* Greek letter ω and latin w. -* Greek letter χ and latin x. -* Capital Greek letter Χ and capital latin letter X. -* Micro µ and Greek letter μ. -* Alternative Greek letter epsilons: ε and ϵ, latin e, and "element of" ∈. -* ′ (prime) and ' (apostrophe). -* − (minus) and - (hyphen). -* ⅆ for derivative and ordinary d. + +- Greek letter γ and latin y. +- Greek letter ρ and latin p. +- Greek letter ω and latin w. +- Greek letter χ and latin x. +- Capital Greek letter Χ and capital latin letter X. +- Micro µ and Greek letter μ. +- Alternative Greek letter epsilons: ε and ϵ, latin e, and "element of" ∈. +- ′ (prime) and ' (apostrophe). +- − (minus) and - (hyphen). +- ⅆ for derivative and ordinary d. Please refer to a [Unicode character table](https://symbl.cc/en/unicode-table/). If in doubt about which characters to use, please contact the Ordering Agency. @@ -1718,5 +1719,5 @@ Automatic tools for MathML markup have tendencies to produce errors. A procedure ## Resources -* [Unicode character tables](https://symbl.cc/en/unicode-table/) -* [MathML Validator](https://kvile.com/kvalidator/index.html) +- [Unicode character tables](https://symbl.cc/en/unicode-table/) +- [MathML Validator](https://kvile.com/kvalidator/index.html) From 94e06c6ca29da52059df746b88368157ad0956da Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Gaute=20R=C3=B8nningen?= Date: Tue, 10 Mar 2026 14:33:22 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 05/17] docs: normalize indentation in figure example to spaces Made-with: Cursor --- Nordic MathML Guidelines.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md b/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md index 45a24fe..57fd5eb 100644 --- a/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md +++ b/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md @@ -1421,13 +1421,13 @@ Example markup based on this: ```html
-
equation -

``` From 729b8f4ab3af700c55c8194b66283d6a28c23ba1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?Gaute=20R=C3=B8nningen?= Date: Tue, 10 Mar 2026 14:34:22 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 06/17] docs: remove redundant blank lines Made-with: Cursor --- Nordic MathML Guidelines.md | 2 -- 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md b/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md index 57fd5eb..2101632 100644 --- a/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md +++ b/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md @@ -1023,7 +1023,6 @@ Place the id for the equation on the `

` element if the `` element is th

``` - -In general, all mathematics should be marked up with MathML. Even simple arithmetic expressions such as 4 − 1 = 3, should be in MathML. Sometimes a mathematical expression is additional information, and the expression is placed inside parentheses. For consistency, always include the parentheses inside the MathML markup. For example, in the sentence “the price for three pairs of jeans was 90 euros (30 € × 3), and he paid for them in cash”, include the parentheses in the MathML markup. +In general, all mathematics should be marked up with MathML. Even simple arithmetic expressions such as $4 − 1 = 3$, should be in MathML. Sometimes a mathematical expression is additional information, and the expression is placed inside parentheses. For consistency, always include the parentheses inside the MathML markup. For example, in the sentence “the price for three pairs of jeans was 90 euros $(30 € × 3)$, and he paid for them in cash”, include the parentheses in the MathML markup. ### Numbers and Numbers with Units -Non-negative numbers, like 3 and 5.2, should be in plain text. If a number has a minus, like −4 or −3.1, it should be in MathML. If a number is part of a mathematical expression, it should be in MathML. +Non-negative numbers, like 3 and 5.2, should be in plain text. If a number has a minus, like $−4$ or $−3.1$, it should be in MathML. If a number is part of a mathematical expression, it should be in MathML. -Units should be in plain text, except if there is an exponent, division or Greek letter in it. For example, 10 m should be in plain text, while $10 \hspace{0.25em} \mathrm{m/s^2}$ should be in MathML. +Units should be in plain text, except if there is an exponent, division or Greek letter in it. For example, 10 m should be in plain text, while $10 \hspace{0.25em} \text{m}/\text{s}^2$ should be in MathML. ### Variables, Parameters and Greek Letters Variables and parameters should always be marked up with MathML. -In STEM books Greek letters should always be in MathML. In these books they are variables and parameters. In non-STEM books isolated Greek letters should be in plain text. However, if they are part of an expression, like Δx, the whole expression should be marked up with MathML. +In STEM books Greek letters should always be in MathML. In these books they are variables and parameters. In non-STEM books isolated Greek letters should be in plain text. However, if they are part of an expression, like $Δx$, the whole expression should be marked up with MathML. Variables, Greek letters etc. with a sign above, like $\bar{x}$ or $\hat{y}$, or with indexes, like $β_1$ or $ℇ_0$, should always be marked up with MathML, using “mover” and “msub” respectively. Note that there are distinct characters like ŷ (U+0177), but these are not intended for mathematics and should not be used. @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ Variables, Greek letters etc. with a sign above, like $\bar{x}$ or $\hat{y}$, or Things that are not mathematics should not be marked up with MathML. Below is a list with some examples. If it is unclear whether something is mathematics or not, please ask the Ordering Agency. - Years: “The 1950s” (English), “1950-årene” (Norwegian) -- Dates: “23.10.2013”, “23/10 - 13” +- Dates: “23.10.2013”, “2013-10-23” - Time periods: “1840–1845”, “June 1–June 4” - Intervals like “7–8 children” (7 to 8 children), “90–95% of the participants voted yes” - Numbers on journals etc: “Vi menn 1/2025” @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ Things that are not mathematics should not be marked up with MathML. Below is a ### Chemistry -MathML markup is required to be used for all chemistry content in general. However, if the source material contains occasional occurrences of chemical substances written like $\mathrm{CO_2}$ or $\mathrm{H_2O}$, and no other type of chemistry notation, these can be captured using standard HTML. If MathML is used for other types of chemistry notation, then MathML must be used for all chemistry content in order to ensure a consistent output for the reader. How to mark up chemistry using MathML is explained here: [Chemistry](#chemistry-in-mathml). +MathML markup is required to be used for all chemistry content in general. However, if the source material contains occasional occurrences of chemical substances written like $\text{C}\text{O}_2$ or $\text{H}_2\text{O}$, and no other type of chemistry notation, these can be captured using standard HTML. If MathML is used for other types of chemistry notation, then MathML must be used for all chemistry content in order to ensure a consistent output for the reader. How to mark up chemistry using MathML is explained here: [Chemistry](#chemistry-in-mathml). ## MathML Fundamentals @@ -121,8 +121,8 @@ It is common in STEM books for a mathematical expression to be part of a sentenc xn n - . +.

@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ The example will be rendered as follows: To find the mean of a set of observations, add the values and divide by the number of observations: $$ -\bar{x} = \frac{x_1 + x_2 + … + x_n}{n} +\bar{x} = \frac{x_1 + x_2 + … + x_n}{n}. $$ This can be written in more compact form: @@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ Examples of decimal and thousand separator markup includes #### `` for operators, fences, separators or accents -The `` element is used to denote operators. The definition of an operator is loose and it can mean the actual mathematical operators plus (+), minus (−), times (·) and divided by (/). +The `` element is used to denote operators. The definition of an operator is loose and it can mean the actual mathematical operators plus (+), minus (−), times (⋅) and divided by (/). In MathML it also means different parentheses. For example the parenthesis `(` and curly bracket `{`. Please note that the element `` is deprecated and may not be used! @@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ The percent sign is a `` element. For example 50 percent should be written a The same character can be used in a different meaning based on the context. For example, the comma can be part of a number but in a sequence the comma is an operator. -The sequence {1,2,3,…} written in MathML: +The sequence $ \{1,2,3, … \}$ written in MathML: ```html @@ -268,6 +268,7 @@ The sequence {1,2,3,…} written in MathML: 2 , 3 + , … } @@ -537,7 +538,7 @@ This would render: $\sqrt[3]{8} = 2$ `` is used to visually render space around an element. `` is used to visually render space between elements. -Both of the elements accept attributes that can be used to modify the width, height and depth of the expressions. Only use relative units for these attributes such as em or rem unless specified otherwise by the Ordering Agency. +Both of the elements accept attributes that can be used to modify the width, height and depth of the expressions. Only use relative units for these attributes such as em or en unless specified otherwise by the Ordering Agency. #### Visual alignment of expressions @@ -686,7 +687,7 @@ Underscript notation is marked up using the element ``. The first child Sometimes it is necessary to nest multiple `` elements. For example when you want to mark up text that is underneath an expression: ![1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10, with bottom brace below, with sum of the first 10 positive integers below](images/nested-munder.PNG) -Mark up for this expression is as follows +Markup for this expression is as follows ```html @@ -1112,9 +1113,9 @@ Here is an example that might be written in a book: r - · + ⋅ B - · + ⋅ m n @@ -1154,7 +1155,7 @@ The Ordering Agency may have more instructions for footnotes within editing inst ### Large operators -Examples of large operators are summation $∑$, product $Π$, and integral $∫$. These are marked up as mathematical operators ``. These operators are rendered differently based on whether they are written in inline, block, or inline-block. +Examples of large operators are summation $∑$, product $∏$, and integral $∫$. These are marked up as mathematical operators ``. These operators are rendered differently based on whether they are written in inline, block, or inline-block. The rendering of operators should follow how it is written in the original title, unless otherwise specified by the Ordering agency. @@ -1260,7 +1261,7 @@ Units that contain operators must be marked up correctly, and the whole unit wra ### Systems of Equations -Systems of equations are tabular math. See the section Tabular math for more information. +Systems of equations are tabular math. See the section [Tabular math](#tabular-math) for more information. Example rendering and markup of a pair of equations: @@ -1304,7 +1305,7 @@ Example rendering and markup of a pair of equations: ### Equation solving notation -Equation solving notation is tabular math. See the section Tabular math for more information. +Equation solving notation is tabular math. See the section [Tabular math](#tabular-math) for more information. The notation and layout is very similar to systems of equations, but equation solving usually has additional commentary about the equation in question. @@ -1420,13 +1421,13 @@ Example markup based on this: ```html
- equation -
``` @@ -1540,7 +1541,7 @@ To mark up chemistry in MathML, follow these general principles. ``` -- Use `` for operators like arrows. For example, to represent a chemical reaction like $H_2 + O_2 \rightarrow H_2O$: +- Use `` for operators like arrows. For example, to represent a chemical reaction like $\text{H}_2 + \text{O}_2 \rightarrow \text{H}_2\text{O}$: ```html @@ -1591,7 +1592,7 @@ Some country-specific mathematical notation should be taken into account in the #### Coordinates -The coordinate (1, 2) should be marked up as follows: +The coordinate $(1, 2)$ should be marked up as follows: ```html @@ -1599,7 +1600,7 @@ The coordinate (1, 2) should be marked up as follows: ``` -The coordinate (1,1, 2) should be marked up as follows: +The coordinate $(1,1, 2)$ should be marked up as follows: ```html @@ -1609,8 +1610,8 @@ The coordinate (1,1, 2) should be marked up as follows: **Note:** Notice the difference between the two examples: -- The first example has x-coordinate 1 and y-coordinate 2. -- The second example has x-coordinate 1,1 and y-coordinate 2. +- The first example has $x$-coordinate 1 and $y$-coordinate 2. +- The second example has $x$-coordinate 1,1 and $y$-coordinate 2. It is imporant to separate comma as a decimal separator and comma as an operator. @@ -1687,7 +1688,7 @@ Lines, arrows, and other embellishments on variables are often used to denote ve ```html - z + x ¯ From 78e602597356974eba938272346232ceda5e868c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marthe Date: Fri, 13 Mar 2026 13:07:03 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 10/17] Fix some wrong rendering --- Nordic MathML Guidelines.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md b/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md index d211480..f9cb54b 100644 --- a/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md +++ b/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md @@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ The percent sign is a `` element. For example 50 percent should be written a The same character can be used in a different meaning based on the context. For example, the comma can be part of a number but in a sequence the comma is an operator. -The sequence $ \{1,2,3, … \}$ written in MathML: +The sequence $ \{ 1,2,3, … \}$ written in MathML: ```html @@ -1592,7 +1592,7 @@ Some country-specific mathematical notation should be taken into account in the #### Coordinates -The coordinate $(1, 2)$ should be marked up as follows: +The coordinate (1, 2) should be marked up as follows: ```html @@ -1600,7 +1600,7 @@ The coordinate $(1, 2)$ should be marked up as follows: ``` -The coordinate $(1,1, 2)$ should be marked up as follows: +The coordinate (1,1, 2) should be marked up as follows: ```html From c8060879a2391fb90e1204bcc2ced2c069c678dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marthe Date: Fri, 13 Mar 2026 13:10:41 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 11/17] Fix rendering problem --- Nordic MathML Guidelines.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md b/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md index f9cb54b..7d56ec8 100644 --- a/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md +++ b/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md @@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ The percent sign is a `` element. For example 50 percent should be written a The same character can be used in a different meaning based on the context. For example, the comma can be part of a number but in a sequence the comma is an operator. -The sequence $ \{ 1,2,3, … \}$ written in MathML: +The sequence $\{1,2,3, \ldots \}$ written in MathML: ```html From eccbda65f1679bb87a1bb5d50019314cc4f5a018 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marthe Date: Fri, 13 Mar 2026 13:12:06 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 12/17] Fix rendering problem --- Nordic MathML Guidelines.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md b/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md index 7d56ec8..35a4aba 100644 --- a/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md +++ b/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md @@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ The percent sign is a `` element. For example 50 percent should be written a The same character can be used in a different meaning based on the context. For example, the comma can be part of a number but in a sequence the comma is an operator. -The sequence $\{1,2,3, \ldots \}$ written in MathML: +The sequence {1, 2, 3, …} written in MathML: ```html From 4a717c909ebd8cc8c8ad8ea8cb5ef819a9926b8c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marthe Date: Fri, 13 Mar 2026 13:46:07 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 13/17] Changed wrong unicode character --- Nordic MathML Guidelines.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md b/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md index 35a4aba..3a092a9 100644 --- a/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md +++ b/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Variables and parameters should always be marked up with MathML. In STEM books Greek letters should always be in MathML. In these books they are variables and parameters. In non-STEM books isolated Greek letters should be in plain text. However, if they are part of an expression, like $Δx$, the whole expression should be marked up with MathML. -Variables, Greek letters etc. with a sign above, like $\bar{x}$ or $\hat{y}$, or with indexes, like $β_1$ or $ℇ_0$, should always be marked up with MathML, using “mover” and “msub” respectively. Note that there are distinct characters like ŷ (U+0177), but these are not intended for mathematics and should not be used. +Variables, Greek letters etc. with a sign above, like $\bar{x}$ or $\hat{y}$, or with indexes, like $β_1$ or $ε_0$, should always be marked up with MathML, using “mover” and “msub” respectively. Note that there are distinct characters like ŷ (U+0177), but these are not intended for mathematics and should not be used. ### Some Things That Should Be In Plain Text From b52865a6cc99255ff3cd0d1f97cb2b06416daa20 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marthe Date: Fri, 13 Mar 2026 14:23:34 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 14/17] Fix typos --- Nordic MathML Guidelines.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md b/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md index 3a092a9..3fdde60 100644 --- a/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md +++ b/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md @@ -1217,7 +1217,7 @@ When the operator should be rendered inline, but as block element, it can be don ### Invisible Operators -Insivible operators should be used used when the meaning of an equation would be ambigious. For example $a(x+1)$ might be the function $a$ of $x+1$, or it could be the multiplication between $a$ and $(x+1)$ depending on the context. +Invisible operators should be used used when the meaning of an equation would be ambigious. For example $a(x+1)$ might be the function $a$ of $x+1$, or it could be the multiplication between $a$ and $(x+1)$ depending on the context. Using invisible operators makes the markup unambigious: @@ -1613,7 +1613,7 @@ The coordinate (1,1, 2) should be marked up as follows: - The first example has $x$-coordinate 1 and $y$-coordinate 2. - The second example has $x$-coordinate 1,1 and $y$-coordinate 2. -It is imporant to separate comma as a decimal separator and comma as an operator. +It is important to separate comma as a decimal separator and comma as an operator. #### Multiplication and division of fractions From e55ca7a6d965ac05223d33a1f9f8adc2eebd1751 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marthe Date: Mon, 16 Mar 2026 10:41:44 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 15/17] Fix wrong path to image --- Nordic MathML Guidelines.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md b/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md index 3fdde60..f6c62da 100644 --- a/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md +++ b/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md @@ -1164,7 +1164,7 @@ Examples of different markup options below. #### Inline When the large operator is written inline with the other text, there is no need for any other attributes. Example: -![Text: The summation is inline with the text ∑ sub A as you can see.](images/summation-inline.png/) +![Text: The summation is inline with the text ∑ sub A as you can see.](images/summation-inline.png) Mark up: From fd0e5f2166f1928950429c08bed82641c72f0adb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marthe Date: Mon, 16 Mar 2026 12:58:51 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 16/17] Fix typos and alttext Fixed some typos and alttext --- Nordic MathML Guidelines.md | 17 +++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md b/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md index f6c62da..e012e86 100644 --- a/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md +++ b/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md @@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ The `` element is used to denote functions, variables, units, and other iden Functions and function names are identifiers: `tan`, `sin` or `log`. -Units are identifiers. For example meter `m` or second `s`. When units are written using multiple letters, they should be marked up as a single element: `Nm`. Depending on the layout of the unit, you have to use other MathML elements to mark up a single unit such as metre per second squared: +Units are identifiers. For example meter `m` or second `s`. When units are written using multiple letters, they should be marked up as a single element: `Nm`. Depending on the layout of the unit, you have to use other MathML elements to mark up a single unit such as meter per second squared: ```html @@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ Both of the elements accept attributes that can be used to modify the width, hei Expressions should be marked up to display as similar to the source as possible. This means that sometimes the alignment of terms in e.g. a fraction or a system of equations needs to be adjusted. `` should be used for this purpose. For example, the fraction -![example of mphantom used to align terms in a fraction](images/mphantom.png) +![Example of mphantom used to align terms in a fraction](images/mphantom.png) is marked up as follows: @@ -646,7 +646,7 @@ The same principle applies for ``. Note also that the base can be group ``` -Or $\int_a^b$: +Or $\int_a^b f(x) \hspace{0.25em} dx$: ```html @@ -1164,6 +1164,7 @@ Examples of different markup options below. #### Inline When the large operator is written inline with the other text, there is no need for any other attributes. Example: + ![Text: The summation is inline with the text ∑ sub A as you can see.](images/summation-inline.png) Mark up: @@ -1217,11 +1218,11 @@ When the operator should be rendered inline, but as block element, it can be don ### Invisible Operators -Invisible operators should be used used when the meaning of an equation would be ambigious. For example $a(x+1)$ might be the function $a$ of $x+1$, or it could be the multiplication between $a$ and $(x+1)$ depending on the context. +Invisible operators should be used when the meaning of an equation would be ambigious. For example $a(x+1)$ might be the function $a$ of $x+1$, or it could be the multiplication between $a$ and $(x+1)$ depending on the context. Using invisible operators makes the markup unambigious: -- insivible multiplication: `⁢` +- invisible multiplication: `⁢` - invisible function application: `⁡` - invisible plus: `⁤` - invisible comma: `⁣` @@ -1403,7 +1404,7 @@ Example of the rendering and mark up of equation solving with commentary text: ### Fill-in-the-blanks -![matrix multiplication with blank squares in the rightmost matrix](images/fill-in-blanks.png) +![Matrix multiplication with blank squares in the rightmost matrix](images/fill-in-blanks.png) Equations or expressions may contain space for filling in the blanks, such as in the example above. The blank spaces should be marked up using the Unicode symbol ⎕ (`⎕`) in `` tags. @@ -1411,7 +1412,7 @@ Equations or expressions may contain space for filling in the blanks, such as in There are instances when the entirety of the mathematical content is impossible to capture using only MathML. An example of such an instance in a text book: -![6 by 3 matrix with a arrow on the bottom of it pointing to the first column of the matrix with the text 'Left most nonzero column'.](images/matrix-with-notation-below.png) +![6 by 3 matrix with an arrow on the bottom of it pointing to the first column of the matrix with the text 'Leftmost nonzero column'.](images/matrix-with-notation-below.png) The arrow and text pointing to the first column here cannot be replicated with MathML. In these cases, capture the mathematical content as an image and mark up as an image description below it. Capture the matrix in MathML inside the image description and extract the text. @@ -1435,7 +1436,7 @@ Example markup based on this: Another example of content which should be captured as an image is hand-written calculations such as the following: -![image of hand-written calculations](images/handwritten.png) +![Image of hand-written calculations](images/handwritten.png) Capture such content as an image without any text extraction, using the `alt` attribute `drawing`. The same applies for calculations containing speech bubbles or the like. From 42c9aa6ae695fe63224dc6b73e703eee25e7e218 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marthe Date: Mon, 16 Mar 2026 13:31:07 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 17/17] Fix missing in example --- Nordic MathML Guidelines.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md b/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md index e012e86..f04d3d8 100644 --- a/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md +++ b/Nordic MathML Guidelines.md @@ -1382,6 +1382,7 @@ Example of the rendering and mark up of equation solving with commentary text: (substract 3 from both sides) +