Implement proper support for interrupt handling

[maxmitchelson]

Currently, interrupts are not handled at all by the kernel, which sometimes results in freezes or crashes during testing. Uncaught exceptions result in fatal triple faults, and implementing support for x86-64 interrupts using the Interrupt Descriptor Table (IDT) and custom interrupt routines should avoid this behaviour.

It should also allow for a better logging/understanding of these exceptions.

Requirements:

• Set up the required types and infrastructure for interacting with the IDT.
• Implement Interrupt Service Routines (ISR) for all 21 interrupts, at least with some sort of logging, if not handling, of the associated error.

Useful resources

• osdev wiki articles about the IDT, ISTs and how to set them up: Interrupt Descriptor Table, Interrupt Service Routines
• AMD's official x86-64 programmer documentation: Vol 1-5.
• Articles from phil-opp's rust osdev blog: CPU exceptions ; Double-faults and setting up custom hardware interrupts in Hardware Interrupts

[maxmitchelson]

Interrupt handling infrastructure has been added to the interrupts branch with 1c97fd9, need to implement individual ISRs before merging.

[maxmitchelson]

Regressions in the rust compiler are preventing the implementation of an aborting type for interrupt handlers. Keeping an eye on this pull request, which should fix the issue: rust-lang/rust#143075.

[maxmitchelson]

Fixed by 7852d1b which currently panics/logs errors and stackframe. Will re-open per-interrupt issues when/if they need further handling.