Notes update

New Note, plus minor formatting changes

Author: localhost433

css/notes.css

@@ -188,4 +188,11 @@ nav.table-of-contents a:hover,
 .dark-mode .table-wrapper th,
 .dark-mode .table-wrapper td {
   background: #0e0e0e
+}
+
+hr {
+  border: none;
+  height: 1px;
+  background-color: #888888;
+  margin: 1em 0;
 }

notes/courses/LING-UA-1/01-intro.md

@@ -5,12 +5,16 @@ date: 2025-05-19
 
 Overview of what will be covered in the course.
 
+---
+
 # What is Language?
 - Cultural artifact
 - Articulation of thoughts
 - Code for communication
 - Human biological trait
 
+---
+
 ## How does language work?
 - Language as a mapping
     ```
@@ -19,16 +23,24 @@ Overview of what will be covered in the course.
     ```
 - What exactly do we know when we say we 'know' a language?
 
+---
+
 ## What does it mean to 'know' a language
 
+---
+
 ### Linguistic competence
 - Our knowledge of sounds, words, linguistic structures, linguistic
 meanings, etc.
 - Mostly unconscious
 
+---
+
 #### vs... Linguistic performance
 - The way people use languages, including errors.
 
+---
+
 #### Knowledge of sound patterns: Phonetics
 - Inventory of sounds
   - Which sounds exists in the language?
@@ -37,6 +49,8 @@ meanings, etc.
   - Where in a word/syllable?
   - In sequence with which other sounds?
 
+---
+
 #### Knowledge of Word patterns: Morphology
 [Morpheme:= smallest meaningful unit.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme)
 
@@ -45,14 +59,20 @@ meanings, etc.
 #### Knowledge of meaning patterns: Semantics
 Logical implication for the sentence.
 
+---
+
 ### Communicative competence
 - Our knowledge of how and when to use those linguistic structures.
 - Our evaluations ((un)/conscious) of others’ linguistic (in)competence
 and linguistic performance.
 
+---
+
 #### Knowledge of usage patterns: Sociolinguistics
 Association of meaning with the words
 
+---
+
 ## Key features of language
 1. Arbitrariness
    No inherent connection between the word and the object, just **convention**.
@@ -71,6 +91,8 @@ Association of meaning with the words
 
 **There are no distinction between dialect and language in linguistics.**
 
+---
+
 ## What exactly is Linguistics?
 - Scientific study of language
   - Unconscious knowledge we have
@@ -79,6 +101,8 @@ Association of meaning with the words
   - how languages vary
   - how language is used in society
 
+---
+
 ### Descriptivism vs. Prescriptivism
 - Descriptive grammar: description or model of the mental grammar, what speaker know about their language.
 - Prescriptive Grammar: attempts to prescribe what rules of language people should use to speak "properly”.

notes/courses/LING-UA-1/02-03-phonetics.md

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ date: 2025-05-20/21
 
 # Phonetics
 
+---
+
 ## Ineternation Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
 Write IPA in [square brackets] for phonetic transcription.
 
@@ -21,17 +23,25 @@ Write IPA in [square brackets] for phonetic transcription.
 
 Bold ones are in English. There are different levels of specificity of transcription.
 
+---
+
 ### What is phonetics?
 branch of linguistics that focuses on the inventory and structure of speech sounds
 
+---
+
 ### What do phoneticians study?
 Articulatory Phonetics: How speech sounds are produces
 
+---
+
 ### Speech production system
 Move different part of mouth for different sounds.
 
 ![](notes/courses/LING-UA-1/images/02-1.png) Image of human vocal tract, from [ here](https://www.researchgate.net/figure/PA-articulation-points-left-Human-vocal-tract-right-IPA-vowels-consonants_fig2_357296500).
 
+---
+
 ## Consonants
 Three key features:
 - Voicing
@@ -75,6 +85,8 @@ Three key features:
 
 **Describe: Voicing, place, manner**
 
+---
+
 ## Vowels
 
 **Bold** = tense, *italic* = lax
@@ -85,20 +97,28 @@ Three key features:
 | **Mid**  | **e** / *ɛ* |   *ə*   | *ɔ* / **o** |
 | **Low**  |     *æ*     |   *ʌ*   |    **a**    |
 
+---
+
 ### What are vowels?
 
 - Relative to consonants.
 
+---
+
 ### Three features to describe vowels
 
 - Tongue height
 - Tongue backness/frontness
 - Roundedness (Are lips are being rounded or not?)
 
+---
+
 #### Monophthongs vs. Diphthongs
 - Monophthongs [^1] for one syllable.
 - Diphthongs [^2] for two put together
 
+---
+
 ## Acoustics and perception
 - Periodic sounds: Vowels
 - Non-periodic sounds: Fricatives

notes/courses/LING-UA-1/04-05-phonology.md

@@ -7,8 +7,12 @@ date: 2025-05-22/27
 
 The study of the structures and patterns of speech sounds, at a more abstract level than phonetics.
 
+---
+
 ## Phones, Phonemes, Allophones
 
+---
+
 ### Phone
 
 Basic unit of speech sound, concrete, what we hear. (Correspond to individual IPA symbols)
@@ -17,39 +21,57 @@ Basic unit of speech sound, concrete, what we hear. (Correspond to individual IP
 - Two languages may use the same tone, but used differently.
   - Difference between the **underlying sound** and how it is **phonetically realized**.
 
+---
+
 ### Phoneme
 Phoneme is the smallest contrastive unit.
 
+---
+
 #### Checking for minimal pairs
 - A minimal pair is word tuple where everything is identical except for a single sound.
 
 Word pair where everything is identical except for a sound is called a minimal pair.
 
+---
+
 ##### Contrastive distribution
 There is a minimal pair, that two phones can occur in the same phonological context.
 
+---
+
 ##### Complementary distribution
 If there are no minimal pairs, it is *not* contrastive. That is a complementary distribution, meaning these two are used in different phonological contexts.
 
+---
+
 ##### Free Variation
 Can occur in the same context, but do *not* result in a contrast in meaning.
 
+---
+
 ### Allophones
 
 Two sounds are in complementary distribution that represent the same underlying sounds.
 
+---
+
 #### Phonemes are not universal
 Different ways to pronounce the phonemes are called allophones.
 Phonemes and their allophones are language-specific.
 
 one phone can be an allophone of more than one phoneme (Sounds like some type of polymorphism to me)
 
+---
+
 ## Phonotactics
 - How languages differ in their phonemic inventory.
 - Differ how they use phonemes.
 
 How phonemes can be sequenced.
 
+---
+
 ### Syllables
 - Smallest prosodic unit in most languages.
 
@@ -63,9 +85,13 @@ syllable
 
 #### Phonotactic constraints of English
 
+---
+
 ### Sonority hierarchy
 Sounds are ranked based on how 'loud' phones are.
 
+---
+
 ### Tests
 - Look for minimal pairs
   - Y: are phonemes
@@ -126,16 +152,24 @@ class PhonologicalAnalyzer {
 ```
 A java style psuedocode for the process (this is added at Jun 14, after I felt this piece of note was not too good and I didn't do this process well on the exam).
 
+---
+
 ## Phonological Rules
 
-### Example
+---
+
+### Examples
+
+---
 
 #### Flapping rule
 ```
 /t/ -> [r] | 'V_V
 /t/ -> [t] | *elsewhere
 ```
 
+---
+
 #### Aspiration
 ```
 /t/ -> [t^h] | _.'
@@ -144,6 +178,8 @@ A java style psuedocode for the process (this is added at Jun 14, after I felt t
 
 `/p/`, `/t/`, `/d/` follows this pattern with aspiration in English.
 
+---
+
 ### Natural classes
 Groups of phones that can be defined by some phonetic similarity.
 
@@ -155,12 +191,15 @@ Groups of phones that can be defined by some phonetic similarity.
 |     Nasal    |               |       x      |         x         |                |              |
 |  Approximant |               |       x      |                   |       x        |              |
 
+---
+
 #### Feature specifications (based on the manner of articulation)
 To determine the minimal distinguishing feature between two sounds.
 - Continuants vs. Noncontinuants
 - Obstruents vs. Sonorants
 - Sibilants.
 
+---
 
 ## Phonological Rules