diff --git a/libp2p/kad_dht/utils.py b/libp2p/kad_dht/utils.py
index ef91b9373..6a173e59e 100644
--- a/libp2p/kad_dht/utils.py
+++ b/libp2p/kad_dht/utils.py
@@ -62,6 +62,15 @@ def maybe_consume_signed_record(
                 )
                 if not (isinstance(peer_id, ID) and record.peer_id == peer_id):
                     return False
+                # Bind the signer identity to the record's claimed peer id
+                # (libp2p/py-libp2p#1338): a valid signature from an unrelated
+                # key must not be able to certify addresses for another peer.
+                if ID.from_pubkey(envelope.public_key) != record.peer_id:
+                    logger.error(
+                        "Rejected signed peer record: signer identity does not "
+                        "match record peer_id"
+                    )
+                    return False
                 # Use the default  TTL of 2 hours (7200 seconds)
                 if not host.get_peerstore().consume_peer_record(envelope, 7200):
                     logger.error("Failed to update the Certified-Addr-Book")
@@ -80,6 +89,15 @@ def maybe_consume_signed_record(
                 )
                 if not record.peer_id.to_bytes() == msg.id:
                     return False
+                # Bind the signer identity to the record's claimed peer id
+                # (libp2p/py-libp2p#1338): a valid signature from an unrelated
+                # key must not be able to certify addresses for another peer.
+                if ID.from_pubkey(envelope.public_key) != record.peer_id:
+                    logger.error(
+                        "Rejected signed peer record: signer identity does not "
+                        "match record peer_id"
+                    )
+                    return False
                 # Use the default TTL of 2 hours (7200 seconds)
                 if not host.get_peerstore().consume_peer_record(envelope, 7200):
                     logger.error("Failed to update the Certified-Addr-Book")
diff --git a/newsfragments/1338.bugfix.rst b/newsfragments/1338.bugfix.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f873fa3fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/newsfragments/1338.bugfix.rst
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Fixed a KadDHT vulnerability where a signed ``PeerRecord`` was accepted even when the envelope's signer identity did not match the ``peer_id`` claimed inside the record, allowing an attacker to certify their own addresses for an arbitrary victim peer ID (certified-address-book poisoning). ``maybe_consume_signed_record`` now rejects any record whose signer key does not derive to ``record.peer_id`` on both the ``senderRecord`` and ``signedRecord`` paths.
diff --git a/tests/core/kad_dht/test_signed_record_signer_binding.py b/tests/core/kad_dht/test_signed_record_signer_binding.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..18c6d8bdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/core/kad_dht/test_signed_record_signer_binding.py
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+"""
+Regression tests for libp2p/py-libp2p#1338.
+
+A signed ``PeerRecord`` must only be accepted when the envelope's *signer*
+identity matches the ``peer_id`` claimed inside the record.  Otherwise an
+attacker can sign a record claiming a victim's peer id (with attacker-controlled
+addresses) and poison the certified address book for that victim.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from unittest.mock import MagicMock
+
+from multiaddr import Multiaddr
+
+from libp2p.crypto.ed25519 import create_new_key_pair
+from libp2p.kad_dht.pb.kademlia_pb2 import Message
+from libp2p.kad_dht.utils import maybe_consume_signed_record
+from libp2p.peer.envelope import seal_record
+from libp2p.peer.id import ID
+from libp2p.peer.peer_record import PeerRecord
+
+_ATTACKER_ADDR = Multiaddr("/ip4/10.0.0.1/tcp/4001")
+
+
+def _host_accepting_records() -> MagicMock:
+    """A host whose peerstore would accept any record it is handed."""
+    host = MagicMock()
+    host.get_peerstore().consume_peer_record.return_value = True
+    return host
+
+
+def test_rejects_signed_record_with_mismatched_signer() -> None:
+    """Message.Peer path: record claims the victim id but is attacker-signed."""
+    victim = create_new_key_pair()
+    attacker = create_new_key_pair()
+    victim_id = ID.from_pubkey(victim.public_key)
+
+    # Record claims the victim's id, but is signed by the attacker's key.
+    record = PeerRecord(victim_id, [_ATTACKER_ADDR])
+    forged = seal_record(record, attacker.private_key)
+
+    peer = Message.Peer()
+    peer.id = victim_id.to_bytes()
+    peer.signedRecord = forged.marshal_envelope()
+
+    # Claimed id == record id, signature is valid for the attacker key, so the
+    # existing checks pass — the signer-identity binding must catch it.
+    assert maybe_consume_signed_record(peer, _host_accepting_records()) is False
+
+
+def test_rejects_sender_record_with_mismatched_signer() -> None:
+    """Message.senderRecord path: same forgery, expected peer id supplied."""
+    victim = create_new_key_pair()
+    attacker = create_new_key_pair()
+    victim_id = ID.from_pubkey(victim.public_key)
+
+    record = PeerRecord(victim_id, [_ATTACKER_ADDR])
+    forged = seal_record(record, attacker.private_key)
+
+    msg = Message()
+    msg.senderRecord = forged.marshal_envelope()
+
+    # record.peer_id == peer_id (victim) passes the existing check; the binding
+    # check must still reject it because the signer is the attacker.
+    assert (
+        maybe_consume_signed_record(msg, _host_accepting_records(), peer_id=victim_id)
+        is False
+    )
+
+
+def test_accepts_self_signed_record() -> None:
+    """A record signed by the same identity it claims must still be accepted."""
+    owner = create_new_key_pair()
+    owner_id = ID.from_pubkey(owner.public_key)
+
+    record = PeerRecord(owner_id, [Multiaddr("/ip4/127.0.0.1/tcp/4001")])
+    envelope = seal_record(record, owner.private_key)
+
+    peer = Message.Peer()
+    peer.id = owner_id.to_bytes()
+    peer.signedRecord = envelope.marshal_envelope()
+
+    assert maybe_consume_signed_record(peer, _host_accepting_records()) is True