Systematic gem identification follows a fixed sequence to avoid confirmation bias.
- Start with non-destructive observations — colour, transparency, lustre — then move
+ Start with non-destructive observations (colour, transparency, lustre), then move
to refractive index, then specific gravity, then the spectroscope if the RI falls in
an ambiguous range. Only after these quantitative steps should qualitative tests
(Chelsea filter, fluorescence) be applied to confirm or refute a working hypothesis.
This sequence matches the FGA Diploma practical examination protocol, and it matters
- because qualitative tests are sensitive to treatment, coating, and imitation —
+ because qualitative tests are sensitive to treatment, coating, and imitation,
whereas RI and SG are intrinsic physical constants of the material itself.
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ const tools = [
if known from polariscope behaviour, and the optic character (singly refractive,
uniaxial, or biaxial). Each parameter constrains the search independently, and the
tool returns every family in the 96-entry mineral database that satisfies all the
- criteria you supply simultaneously. You do not need to fill in every field — a single
+ criteria you supply simultaneously. You do not need to fill in every field; a single
RI reading already eliminates the majority of species, and adding SG typically
reduces the candidate list to three or fewer families. The underlying database
includes all 93 natural mineral families as well as 13 synthetic, 11 simulant, and
@@ -70,16 +70,16 @@ const tools = [
a simulant made from a different material, or a composite assembled stone. This
distinction is critical at the identification stage: a stone with an RI of 1.762 and
SG of 3.99 could be natural ruby, flux-grown synthetic ruby, or a garnet-topped
- doublet — three very different commercial situations that require different follow-up
+ doublet, which are three very different commercial situations that require different follow-up
tests. Seeing all three in a single ranked results table prevents the common error
of stopping investigation once a plausible natural species is found.
After the identifier narrows the field, the results table provides direct links to
the relevant entries in the spectroscope band-matcher and UV fluorescence lookup, so
- the next logical test is always one click away. This end-to-end workflow — from
+ the next logical test is always one click away. This end-to-end workflow, from
first observation to a confirmed identification supported by multiple independent
- properties — is the foundation of professional gemmological practice and the
+ properties, is the foundation of professional gemmological practice and the
standard taught at the Gemmological Association of Great Britain.
diff --git a/src/pages/tools/index.astro b/src/pages/tools/index.astro
index 376ff12..5611d65 100644
--- a/src/pages/tools/index.astro
+++ b/src/pages/tools/index.astro
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ const tools = [
>
Gemmological Tools
- Free, browser-based instruments for coloured-gemstone identification, optical testing, and lab analysis — no login required.
+ Free, browser-based instruments for coloured-gemstone identification, optical testing, and lab analysis. No registration needed.
@@ -49,13 +49,13 @@ const tools = [
This toolkit covers every quantitative and qualitative test a practising gemmologist needs
for systematic identification. All calculations run client-side in the browser using the
- same mineral database that powers the mineral reference pages — 96 families including
+ same mineral database that powers the mineral reference pages: 96 families including
natural species, lab-grown synthetics, simulants, and composite stones. No data is
transmitted to any server; readings stay on your device.
The tools are organised across six categories. Measurement & Calculation handles the
- two primary quantitative tests — specific gravity and refractive index — alongside
+ two primary quantitative tests (specific gravity and refractive index) alongside
birefringence, critical angle, carat estimation, and the Hanneman/Hodgkinson over-the-limit
shortcut for stones with RI above 1.81. Optical Properties supports the polariscope and
dichroscope workflow, with a refractometer simulator, pleochroism reasoner, and optic-sign
diff --git a/src/pages/tools/lab.astro b/src/pages/tools/lab.astro
index 5d03c08..2e13730 100644
--- a/src/pages/tools/lab.astro
+++ b/src/pages/tools/lab.astro
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ const tools = [
Lab Equipment
- Spectroscope reference, inverse band-matching, and UV fluorescence interpretation — the three lab-instrument tools used alongside RI and SG to confirm a gemmological identification.
+ Spectroscope reference, inverse band-matching, and UV fluorescence interpretation: the three lab-instrument tools used alongside RI and SG to confirm a gemmological identification.
@@ -59,8 +59,8 @@ const tools = [
The band-matcher inverts this workflow. Rather than looking up a known species and
reading off its bands, you enter the wavelengths you actually observe and the tool
returns the species whose reference pattern best matches your input. Matching is
- tolerance-windowed — a band recorded at 692 nm will still match the 693 nm
- ruby reference — and selective diagnostic bands are weighted more heavily than broad
+ tolerance-windowed; a band recorded at 692 nm will still match the 693 nm
+ ruby reference, and selective diagnostic bands are weighted more heavily than broad
general-absorption regions. This makes the band-matcher especially useful when a
stone shows one strong diagnostic line alongside several weaker features that might
be confused for another species. The output lists confidence-ranked candidates, not a
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ const tools = [
points away from moissanite or cubic zirconia. Conversely, a strong SWUV reaction
with weak or absent LWUV is characteristic of certain synthetic ruby flux products.
The UV fluorescence lookup parses the freeform fluorescence descriptions stored in
- the mineral database — for example, "inert to strong blue LWUV, weak yellow SWUV" —
+ the mineral database (for example, "inert to strong blue LWUV, weak yellow SWUV")
into structured fields: LWUV colour and intensity, SWUV colour and intensity, and a
phosphorescence flag for materials such as natural hyalite opal that continue to
glow after the UV source is removed. Intensity is scored on a four-step scale
diff --git a/src/pages/tools/measurement.astro b/src/pages/tools/measurement.astro
index e0e5e98..15f72ac 100644
--- a/src/pages/tools/measurement.astro
+++ b/src/pages/tools/measurement.astro
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ const tools = [
Specific gravity and refractive index are the two primary quantitative tests in
coloured-gemstone identification. SG is determined hydrostatically using
- Archimedes' principle — the gem is weighed in air and in water, and the ratio
+ Archimedes' principle: the gem is weighed in air and in water, and the ratio
reveals density to two decimal places, enough to separate spinel (3.60) from
synthetic spinel (3.52) or glass fills. RI is read directly from a critical-angle
refractometer and narrows identification to a handful of species within seconds.
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ const tools = [
to establish a confident working identification before any other test is applied.
- Birefringence — the difference between the maximum and minimum refractive indices —
+ Birefringence (the difference between the maximum and minimum refractive indices)
is a direct optical constant of the crystal structure. High birefringence causes
visible doubling of back facet edges, a feature diagnostic for zircon (BR up to
0.059), sphene (up to 0.051), and peridot (up to 0.038). The birefringence
@@ -70,8 +70,8 @@ const tools = [
The carat estimator uses the formula ct = L × W × D × SG ×
shape_factor × girdle_factor to give a weight estimate from dimensional
measurements when a scale is unavailable. Nine shape-correction factors are built in
- — round brilliant, oval, pear, marquise, cushion, emerald cut, heart, trillion, and
- cabochon — and the girdle-thickness multiplier runs from 1.00 (thin) to 1.12 (very
+ covering round brilliant, oval, pear, marquise, cushion, emerald cut, heart, trillion, and
+ cabochon, and the girdle-thickness multiplier runs from 1.00 (thin) to 1.12 (very
thick) to account for the mass contribution of deep girdles. This is particularly
useful when assessing parcels where individual weighing is impractical.
@@ -79,8 +79,8 @@ const tools = [
For stones with RI above the refractometer range (commonly 1.81 for contact liquids),
the Hanneman/Hodgkinson shortcut provides an indirect RI estimate. The technique
infers RI from the position of the liquid-relief shadow band when a known liquid is
- used as the contact medium. The tool covers five standard liquid values — water
- (1.33), methylene iodide variants, and monobromonaphthalene (1.66) — and maps each
+ used as the contact medium. The tool covers five standard liquid values: water
+ (1.33), methylene iodide variants, and monobromonaphthalene (1.66); it maps each
relief position to the corresponding RI range for demantoid, sphene, zircon, and
high-index synthetics including strontium titanate and rutile. Correct application
of this shortcut requires understanding that it yields a range, not a single value,
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ const tools = [
All calculators on this page reference the same mineral database used throughout
- gemmology.dev — 96 families covering natural species, synthetics, simulants, and
+ gemmology.dev: 96 families covering natural species, synthetics, simulants, and
composite stones. Matching results are shown with origin badges (natural /
synthetic / simulant / composite) so that the distinction between, for example,
natural alexandrite (Cr-bearing chrysoberyl) and its synthetic counterpart is
diff --git a/src/pages/tools/optical.astro b/src/pages/tools/optical.astro
index de19b16..6ab6744 100644
--- a/src/pages/tools/optical.astro
+++ b/src/pages/tools/optical.astro
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ const tools = [
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ const tools = [
The polariscope and dichroscope answer different questions. The polariscope tests
whether a stone is singly or doubly refractive, which separates isotropic species
(diamond, spinel, garnet) from all others at a glance. The dichroscope reveals how
- many distinct body colours a stone shows in different vibration directions — a
+ many distinct body colours a stone shows in different vibration directions; a
tanzanite shows blue, violet, and bronze in three directions, while a synthetic blue
spinel shows only one colour. Neither instrument requires a prepared surface, making
them ideal first-pass tests that can be applied in seconds to any loose or mounted
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ const tools = [
The refractometer simulator lets students practise reading the critical-angle shadow
edge before working on a physical instrument. It renders realistic shadow positions
for both the ordinary and extraordinary rays of doubly refractive stones, and
- explicitly models over-the-limit behaviour — when the RI of the stone exceeds the
+ explicitly models over-the-limit behaviour: when the RI of the stone exceeds the
refractive index of the contact liquid, the shadow edge vanishes from the scale. This
is the point at which the Hanneman/Hodgkinson shortcut (available in the Measurement
section) must be applied. Understanding why the shadow edge disappears is essential
@@ -71,8 +71,8 @@ const tools = [
The pleochroism reasoner performs a tolerant colour match against the
pleochroism_color1, pleochroism_color2, and
pleochroism_color3 fields stored in the mineral database for each species.
- Enter the observed colours — for example, red, orange, and yellow for hessonite
- garnet, or blue, colourless, and yellow for aquamarine — and the tool returns a
+ Enter the observed colours (for example, red, orange, and yellow for hessonite
+ garnet, or blue, colourless, and yellow for aquamarine) and the tool returns a
ranked list of matching species. Pleochroism alone is rarely conclusive, but it
effectively eliminates cubic species and focuses the investigation within a much
narrower group.
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ const tools = [
ω (quartz, zircon, corundum), negative when ε < ω (calcite,
tourmaline). For biaxial stones, the sign depends on whether the β index lies
closer to α (optically positive) or to γ (optically negative). The 2V
- angle — the angle between the two optic axes — is calculated via the Mallard
+ angle (the angle between the two optic axes) is calculated via the Mallard
cos²V⊂z; formula when all three principal indices are available. A large 2V
(near 90°) places β midway between α and γ, making sign
determination difficult and often requiring interference-figure observation under