lib.c

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2016--2021  Wu, Xingbo <wuxb45@gmail.com>
 *
 * All rights reserved. No warranty, explicit or implicit, provided.
 */
#define _GNU_SOURCE

// headers {{{
#include "lib.h"
#include "ctypes.h"
#include <assert.h>
#include <execinfo.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <netdb.h>
#include <sched.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <poll.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <stdarg.h> // va_start

#if defined(__linux__)
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <malloc.h>  // malloc_usable_size
#elif defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)
#include <sys/disk.h>
#include <malloc/malloc.h>
#elif defined(__FreeBSD__)
#include <sys/disk.h>
#include <malloc_np.h>
#endif // OS

#if defined(__FreeBSD__)
#include <pthread_np.h>
#endif
// }}} headers

// math {{{
  inline u64
mhash64(const u64 v)
{
  return v * 11400714819323198485lu;
}

  inline u32
mhash32(const u32 v)
{
  return v * 2654435761u;
}

// From Daniel Lemire's blog (2013, lemire.me)
  u64
gcd64(u64 a, u64 b)
{
  if (a == 0)
    return b;
  if (b == 0)
    return a;

  const u32 shift = (u32)__builtin_ctzl(a | b);
  a >>= __builtin_ctzl(a);
  do {
    b >>= __builtin_ctzl(b);
    if (a > b) {
      const u64 t = b;
      b = a;
      a = t;
    }
    b = b - a;
  } while (b);
  return a << shift;
}
// }}} math

// random {{{
// Lehmer's generator is 2x faster than xorshift
/**
 * D. H. Lehmer, Mathematical methods in large-scale computing units.
 * Proceedings of a Second Symposium on Large Scale Digital Calculating
 * Machinery;
 * Annals of the Computation Laboratory, Harvard Univ. 26 (1951), pp. 141-146.
 *
 * P L'Ecuyer,  Tables of linear congruential generators of different sizes and
 * good lattice structure. Mathematics of Computation of the American
 * Mathematical
 * Society 68.225 (1999): 249-260.
 */
struct lehmer_u64 {
  union {
    u128 v128;
    u64 v64[2];
  };
};

static __thread struct lehmer_u64 rseed_u128 = {.v64 = {4294967291, 1549556881}};

  static inline u64
lehmer_u64_next(struct lehmer_u64 * const s)
{
  const u64 r = s->v64[1];
  s->v128 *= 0xda942042e4dd58b5lu;
  return r;
}

  static inline void
lehmer_u64_seed(struct lehmer_u64 * const s, const u64 seed)
{
  s->v128 = (((u128)(~seed)) << 64) | (seed | 1);
  (void)lehmer_u64_next(s);
}

  inline u64
random_u64(void)
{
  return lehmer_u64_next(&rseed_u128);
}

  inline void
srandom_u64(const u64 seed)
{
  lehmer_u64_seed(&rseed_u128, seed);
}

  inline double
random_double(void)
{
  // random between [0.0 - 1.0]
  const u64 r = random_u64();
  return ((double)r) * (1.0 / ((double)(~0lu)));
}
// }}} random

// timing {{{
  inline u64
time_nsec(void)
{
  struct timespec ts;
  // MONO_RAW is 5x to 10x slower than MONO
  clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts);
  return ((u64)ts.tv_sec) * 1000000000lu + ((u64)ts.tv_nsec);
}

  inline double
time_sec(void)
{
  const u64 nsec = time_nsec();
  return ((double)nsec) * 1.0e-9;
}

  inline u64
time_diff_nsec(const u64 last)
{
  return time_nsec() - last;
}

  inline double
time_diff_sec(const double last)
{
  return time_sec() - last;
}

// need char str[64]
  void
time_stamp(char * str, const size_t size)
{
  time_t now;
  struct tm nowtm;
  time(&now);
  localtime_r(&now, &nowtm);
  strftime(str, size, "%F %T %z", &nowtm);
}

  void
time_stamp2(char * str, const size_t size)
{
  time_t now;
  struct tm nowtm;
  time(&now);
  localtime_r(&now, &nowtm);
  strftime(str, size, "%F-%H-%M-%S%z", &nowtm);
}
// }}} timing

// cpucache {{{
  inline void
cpu_pause(void)
{
#if defined(__x86_64__)
  _mm_pause();
#elif defined(__aarch64__)
  // nop
#endif
}

  inline void
cpu_mfence(void)
{
  atomic_thread_fence(MO_SEQ_CST);
}

// compiler fence
  inline void
cpu_cfence(void)
{
  atomic_thread_fence(MO_ACQ_REL);
}

  inline void
cpu_prefetch0(const void * const ptr)
{
  __builtin_prefetch(ptr, 0, 0);
}

  inline void
cpu_prefetch1(const void * const ptr)
{
  __builtin_prefetch(ptr, 0, 1);
}

  inline void
cpu_prefetch2(const void * const ptr)
{
  __builtin_prefetch(ptr, 0, 2);
}

  inline void
cpu_prefetch3(const void * const ptr)
{
  __builtin_prefetch(ptr, 0, 3);
}

  inline void
cpu_prefetchw(const void * const ptr)
{
  __builtin_prefetch(ptr, 1, 0);
}
// }}} cpucache

// crc32c {{{
  inline u32
crc32c_u8(const u32 crc, const u8 v)
{
#if defined(__x86_64__)
  return _mm_crc32_u8(crc, v);
#elif defined(__aarch64__)
  return __crc32cb(crc, v);
#endif
}

  inline u32
crc32c_u16(const u32 crc, const u16 v)
{
#if defined(__x86_64__)
  return _mm_crc32_u16(crc, v);
#elif defined(__aarch64__)
  return __crc32ch(crc, v);
#endif
}

  inline u32
crc32c_u32(const u32 crc, const u32 v)
{
#if defined(__x86_64__)
  return _mm_crc32_u32(crc, v);
#elif defined(__aarch64__)
  return __crc32cw(crc, v);
#endif
}

  inline u32
crc32c_u64(const u32 crc, const u64 v)
{
#if defined(__x86_64__)
  return (u32)_mm_crc32_u64(crc, v);
#elif defined(__aarch64__)
  return (u32)__crc32cd(crc, v);
#endif
}

  inline u32
crc32c_inc_123(const u8 * buf, u32 nr, u32 crc)
{
  if (nr == 1)
    return crc32c_u8(crc, buf[0]);

  crc = crc32c_u16(crc, *(u16 *)buf);
  return (nr == 2) ? crc : crc32c_u8(crc, buf[2]);
}

  inline u32
crc32c_inc_x4(const u8 * buf, u32 nr, u32 crc)
{
  //debug_assert((nr & 3) == 0);
  const u32 nr8 = nr >> 3;
#pragma nounroll
  for (u32 i = 0; i < nr8; i++)
    crc = crc32c_u64(crc, ((u64*)buf)[i]);

  if (nr & 4u)
    crc = crc32c_u32(crc, ((u32*)buf)[nr8<<1]);
  return crc;
}

  u32
crc32c_inc(const u8 * buf, u32 nr, u32 crc)
{
  crc = crc32c_inc_x4(buf, nr, crc);
  const u32 nr123 = nr & 3u;
  return nr123 ? crc32c_inc_123(buf + nr - nr123, nr123, crc) : crc;
}
// }}} crc32c

// debug {{{
  void
debug_break(void)
{
  usleep(100);
}

static u64 * debug_watch_u64 = NULL;

  static void
watch_u64_handler(const int sig)
{
  (void)sig;
  const u64 v = debug_watch_u64 ? (*debug_watch_u64) : 0;
  fprintf(stderr, "[USR1] %lu (0x%lx)\n", v, v);
}

  void
watch_u64_usr1(u64 * const ptr)
{
  debug_watch_u64 = ptr;
  struct sigaction sa = {};
  sa.sa_handler = watch_u64_handler;
  sigemptyset(&(sa.sa_mask));
  sa.sa_flags = SA_RESTART;
  if (sigaction(SIGUSR1, &sa, NULL) == -1) {
    fprintf(stderr, "Failed to set signal handler for SIGUSR1\n");
  } else {
    fprintf(stderr, "to watch> kill -s SIGUSR1 %d\n", getpid());
  }
}

static void * debug_bt_state = NULL;
#if defined(BACKTRACE) && defined(__linux__)
// TODO: get exec path on MacOS and FreeBSD

#include <backtrace.h>
static char debug_filepath[1024] = {};

  static void
debug_bt_error_cb(void * const data, const char * const msg, const int errnum)
{
  (void)data;
  if (msg)
    dprintf(2, "libbacktrace: %s %s\n", msg, strerror(errnum));
}

  static int
debug_bt_print_cb(void * const data, const uintptr_t pc,
    const char * const file, const int lineno, const char * const func)
{
  u32 * const plevel = (typeof(plevel))data;
  if (file || func || lineno) {
    dprintf(2, "[%u]0x%012lx " TERMCLR(35) "%s" TERMCLR(31) ":" TERMCLR(34) "%d" TERMCLR(0)" %s\n",
        *plevel, pc, file ? file : "???", lineno, func ? func : "???");
  } else if (pc) {
    dprintf(2, "[%u]0x%012lx ??\n", *plevel, pc);
  }
  (*plevel)++;
  return 0;
}

__attribute__((constructor))
  static void
debug_backtrace_init(void)
{
  const ssize_t len = readlink("/proc/self/exe", debug_filepath, 1023);
  // disable backtrace
  if (len < 0 || len >= 1023)
    return;

  debug_filepath[len] = '\0';
  debug_bt_state = backtrace_create_state(debug_filepath, 1, debug_bt_error_cb, NULL);
}
#endif // BACKTRACE

  static void
debug_wait_gdb(void * const bt_state)
{
  if (bt_state) {
#if defined(BACKTRACE)
    dprintf(2, "Backtrace :\n");
    u32 level = 0;
    backtrace_full(debug_bt_state, 1, debug_bt_print_cb, debug_bt_error_cb, &level);
#endif // BACKTRACE
  } else { // fallback to execinfo if no backtrace or initialization failed
    void *array[64];
    const int size = backtrace(array, 64);
    dprintf(2, "Backtrace (%d):\n", size - 1);
    backtrace_symbols_fd(array + 1, size - 1, 2);
  }

  abool v = true;
  char timestamp[32];
  time_stamp(timestamp, 32);
  char threadname[32] = {};
  thread_get_name(pthread_self(), threadname, 32);
  strcat(threadname, "(!!)");
  thread_set_name(pthread_self(), threadname);
  char hostname[32];
  gethostname(hostname, 32);

  const char * const pattern = "[Waiting GDB] %1$s %2$s @ %3$s\n"
    "    Attach me: " TERMCLR(31) "sudo -Hi gdb -p %4$d" TERMCLR(0) "\n";
  char buf[256];
  sprintf(buf, pattern, timestamp, threadname, hostname, getpid());
  write(2, buf, strlen(buf));

  // to continue: gdb> set var v = 0
  // to kill from shell: $ kill %pid; kill -CONT %pid

  // uncomment this line to surrender the shell on error
  // kill(getpid(), SIGSTOP); // stop burning cpu, once

  static au32 nr_waiting = 0;
  const u32 seq = atomic_fetch_add_explicit(&nr_waiting, 1, MO_RELAXED);
  if (seq == 0) {
    sprintf(buf, "/run/user/%u/.debug_wait_gdb_pid", getuid());
    const int pidfd = open(buf, O_CREAT|O_TRUNC|O_WRONLY, 00644);
    if (pidfd >= 0) {
      dprintf(pidfd, "%u", getpid());
      close(pidfd);
    }
  }

#pragma nounroll
  while (atomic_load_explicit(&v, MO_CONSUME))
    sleep(1);
}

#ifndef NDEBUG
  void
debug_assert(const bool v)
{
  if (!v)
    debug_wait_gdb(debug_bt_state);
}
#endif

__attribute__((noreturn))
  void
debug_die(void)
{
  debug_wait_gdb(debug_bt_state);
  exit(0);
}

__attribute__((noreturn))
  void
debug_die_perror(void)
{
  perror(NULL);
  debug_die();
}

#if !defined(NOSIGNAL)
// signal handler for wait_gdb on fatal errors
  static void
wait_gdb_handler(const int sig, siginfo_t * const info, void * const context)
{
  (void)info;
  (void)context;
  char buf[64] = "[SIGNAL] ";
  strcat(buf, strsignal(sig));
  write(2, buf, strlen(buf));
  debug_wait_gdb(NULL);
}

// setup hooks for catching fatal errors
__attribute__((constructor))
  static void
debug_init(void)
{
  void * stack = pages_alloc_4kb(16);
  //fprintf(stderr, "altstack %p\n", stack);
  stack_t ss = {.ss_sp = stack, .ss_flags = 0, .ss_size = PGSZ*16};
  if (sigaltstack(&ss, NULL))
    fprintf(stderr, "sigaltstack failed\n");

  struct sigaction sa = {.sa_sigaction = wait_gdb_handler, .sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO | SA_ONSTACK};
  sigemptyset(&(sa.sa_mask));
  const int fatals[] = {SIGSEGV, SIGFPE, SIGILL, SIGBUS, 0};
  for (int i = 0; fatals[i]; i++) {
    if (sigaction(fatals[i], &sa, NULL) == -1) {
      fprintf(stderr, "Failed to set signal handler for %s\n", strsignal(fatals[i]));
      fflush(stderr);
    }
  }
}

__attribute__((destructor))
  static void
debug_exit(void)
{
  // to get rid of valgrind warnings
  stack_t ss = {.ss_flags = SS_DISABLE};
  stack_t oss = {};
  sigaltstack(&ss, &oss);
  if (oss.ss_sp)
    pages_unmap(oss.ss_sp, PGSZ * 16);
}
#endif // !defined(NOSIGNAL)

  void
debug_dump_maps(FILE * const out)
{
  FILE * const in = fopen("/proc/self/smaps", "r");
  char * line0 = yalloc(1024);
  size_t size0 = 1024;
  while (!feof(in)) {
    const ssize_t r1 = getline(&line0, &size0, in);
    if (r1 < 0) break;
    fprintf(out, "%s", line0);
  }
  fflush(out);
  fclose(in);
}

static pid_t perf_pid = 0;

#if defined(__linux__)
__attribute__((constructor))
  static void
debug_perf_init(void)
{
  const pid_t ppid = getppid();
  char tmp[256] = {};
  sprintf(tmp, "/proc/%d/cmdline", ppid);
  FILE * const fc = fopen(tmp, "r");
  const size_t nr = fread(tmp, 1, sizeof(tmp) - 1, fc);
  fclose(fc);
  // look for "perf record"
  if (nr < 12)
    return;
  tmp[nr] = '\0';
  for (u64 i = 0; i < nr; i++)
    if (tmp[i] == 0)
      tmp[i] = ' ';

  char * const perf = strstr(tmp, "perf record");
  if (perf) {
    fprintf(stderr, "%s: perf detected\n", __func__);
    perf_pid = ppid;
  }
}
#endif // __linux__

  bool
debug_perf_switch(void)
{
  if (perf_pid > 0) {
    kill(perf_pid, SIGUSR2);
    return true;
  } else {
    return false;
  }
}
// }}} debug

// mm {{{
#ifdef ALLOCFAIL
  bool
alloc_fail(void)
{
#define ALLOCFAIL_RECP ((64lu))
#define ALLOCFAIL_MAGIC ((ALLOCFAIL_RECP / 3lu))
  return ((random_u64() % ALLOCFAIL_RECP) == ALLOCFAIL_MAGIC);
}

#ifdef MALLOCFAIL
extern void * __libc_malloc(size_t size);
  void *
malloc(size_t size)
{
  if (alloc_fail())
    return NULL;
  return __libc_malloc(size);
}

extern void * __libc_calloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size);
  void *
calloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size)
{
  if (alloc_fail())
    return NULL;
  return __libc_calloc(nmemb, size);
}

extern void *__libc_realloc(void *ptr, size_t size);

  void *
realloc(void *ptr, size_t size)
{
  if (alloc_fail())
    return NULL;
  return __libc_realloc(ptr, size);
}
#endif // MALLOC_FAIL
#endif // ALLOC_FAIL

  void *
xalloc(const size_t align, const size_t size)
{
#ifdef ALLOCFAIL
  if (alloc_fail())
    return NULL;
#endif
  void * p;
  return (posix_memalign(&p, align, size) == 0) ? p : NULL;
}

// alloc cache-line aligned address
  void *
yalloc(const size_t size)
{
#ifdef ALLOCFAIL
  if (alloc_fail())
    return NULL;
#endif
  void * p;
  return (posix_memalign(&p, 64, size) == 0) ? p : NULL;
}

  void **
malloc_2d(const size_t nr, const size_t size)
{
  const size_t size1 = nr * sizeof(void *);
  const size_t size2 = nr * size;
  void ** const mem = malloc(size1 + size2);
  u8 * const mem2 = ((u8 *)mem) + size1;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < nr; i++)
    mem[i] = mem2 + (i * size);
  return mem;
}

  inline void **
calloc_2d(const size_t nr, const size_t size)
{
  void ** const ret = malloc_2d(nr, size);
  memset(ret[0], 0, nr * size);
  return ret;
}

  inline void
pages_unmap(void * const ptr, const size_t size)
{
#ifndef HEAPCHECKING
  munmap(ptr, size);
#else
  (void)size;
  free(ptr);
#endif
}

  void
pages_lock(void * const ptr, const size_t size)
{
  static bool use_mlock = true;
  if (use_mlock) {
    const int ret = mlock(ptr, size);
    if (ret != 0) {
      use_mlock = false;
      fprintf(stderr, "%s: mlock disabled\n", __func__);
    }
  }
}

#ifndef HEAPCHECKING
  static void *
pages_do_alloc(const size_t size, const int flags)
{
  // vi /etc/security/limits.conf
  // * - memlock unlimited
  void * const p = mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, flags, -1, 0);
  if (p == MAP_FAILED)
    return NULL;

  pages_lock(p, size);
  return p;
}

#if defined(__linux__) && defined(MAP_HUGETLB)

#if defined(MAP_HUGE_SHIFT)
#define PAGES_FLAGS_1G ((MAP_HUGETLB | (30 << MAP_HUGE_SHIFT)))
#define PAGES_FLAGS_2M ((MAP_HUGETLB | (21 << MAP_HUGE_SHIFT)))
#else // MAP_HUGE_SHIFT
#define PAGES_FLAGS_1G ((MAP_HUGETLB))
#define PAGES_FLAGS_2M ((MAP_HUGETLB))
#endif // MAP_HUGE_SHIFT

#else
#define PAGES_FLAGS_1G ((0))
#define PAGES_FLAGS_2M ((0))
#endif // __linux__

#endif // HEAPCHECKING

  inline void *
pages_alloc_1gb(const size_t nr_1gb)
{
  const u64 sz = nr_1gb << 30;
#ifndef HEAPCHECKING
  return pages_do_alloc(sz, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS | PAGES_FLAGS_1G);
#else
  void * const p = xalloc(1lu << 21, sz); // Warning: valgrind fails with 30
  if (p)
    memset(p, 0, sz);
  return p;
#endif
}

  inline void *
pages_alloc_2mb(const size_t nr_2mb)
{
  const u64 sz = nr_2mb << 21;
#ifndef HEAPCHECKING
  return pages_do_alloc(sz, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS | PAGES_FLAGS_2M);
#else
  void * const p = xalloc(1lu << 21, sz);
  if (p)
    memset(p, 0, sz);
  return p;
#endif
}

  inline void *
pages_alloc_4kb(const size_t nr_4kb)
{
  const size_t sz = nr_4kb << 12;
#ifndef HEAPCHECKING
  return pages_do_alloc(sz, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS);
#else
  void * const p = xalloc(1lu << 12, sz);
  if (p)
    memset(p, 0, sz);
  return p;
#endif
}

  void *
pages_alloc_best(const size_t size, const bool try_1gb, u64 * const size_out)
{
#ifdef ALLOCFAIL
  if (alloc_fail())
    return NULL;
#endif
  // 1gb huge page: at least 0.25GB
  if (try_1gb) {
    if (size >= (1lu << 28)) {
      const size_t nr_1gb = bits_round_up(size, 30) >> 30;
      void * const p1 = pages_alloc_1gb(nr_1gb);
      if (p1) {
        *size_out = nr_1gb << 30;
        return p1;
      }
    }
  }

  // 2mb huge page: at least 0.5MB
  if (size >= (1lu << 19)) {
    const size_t nr_2mb = bits_round_up(size, 21) >> 21;
    void * const p2 = pages_alloc_2mb(nr_2mb);
    if (p2) {
      *size_out = nr_2mb << 21;
      return p2;
    }
  }

  const size_t nr_4kb = bits_round_up(size, 12) >> 12;
  void * const p3 = pages_alloc_4kb(nr_4kb);
  if (p3)
    *size_out = nr_4kb << 12;
  return p3;
}
// }}} mm

// process/thread {{{
static u32 process_ncpu;
#if defined(__FreeBSD__)
typedef cpuset_t cpu_set_t;
#elif defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)
typedef u64 cpu_set_t;
#define CPU_SETSIZE ((64))
#define CPU_COUNT(__cpu_ptr__) (__builtin_popcountl(*__cpu_ptr__))
#define CPU_ISSET(__cpu_idx__, __cpu_ptr__) (((*__cpu_ptr__) >> __cpu_idx__) & 1lu)
#define CPU_ZERO(__cpu_ptr__) ((*__cpu_ptr__) = 0)
#define CPU_SET(__cpu_idx__, __cpu_ptr__) ((*__cpu_ptr__) |= (1lu << __cpu_idx__))
#define CPU_CLR(__cpu_idx__, __cpu_ptr__) ((*__cpu_ptr__) &= ~(1lu << __cpu_idx__))
#define pthread_attr_setaffinity_np(...) ((void)0)
#endif

__attribute__((constructor))
  static void
process_init(void)
{
  // Linux's default is 1024 cpus
  process_ncpu = (u32)sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF);
  if (process_ncpu > CPU_SETSIZE) {
    fprintf(stderr, "%s: can use only %zu cores\n",
        __func__, (size_t)CPU_SETSIZE);
    process_ncpu = CPU_SETSIZE;
  }
  thread_set_name(pthread_self(), "main");
}

  static inline int
thread_getaffinity_set(cpu_set_t * const cpuset)
{
#if defined(__linux__)
  return sched_getaffinity(0, sizeof(*cpuset), cpuset);
#elif defined(__FreeBSD__)
  return cpuset_getaffinity(CPU_LEVEL_WHICH, CPU_WHICH_TID, -1, sizeof(*cpuset), cpuset);
#elif defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)
  *cpuset = (1lu << process_ncpu) - 1;
  return (int)process_ncpu; // TODO
#endif // OS
}

  static inline int
thread_setaffinity_set(const cpu_set_t * const cpuset)
{
#if defined(__linux__)
  return sched_setaffinity(0, sizeof(*cpuset), cpuset);
#elif defined(__FreeBSD__)
  return cpuset_setaffinity(CPU_LEVEL_WHICH, CPU_WHICH_TID, -1, sizeof(*cpuset), cpuset);
#elif defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)
  (void)cpuset; // TODO
  return 0;
#endif // OS
}

  void
thread_get_name(const pthread_t pt, char * const name, const size_t len)
{
#if defined(__linux__)
  pthread_getname_np(pt, name, len);
#elif defined(__FreeBSD__)
  pthread_get_name_np(pt, name, len);
#elif defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)
  (void)pt;
  (void)len;
  strcpy(name, "unknown"); // TODO
#endif // OS
}

  void
thread_set_name(const pthread_t pt, const char * const name)
{
#if defined(__linux__)
  pthread_setname_np(pt, name);
#elif defined(__FreeBSD__)
  pthread_set_name_np(pt, name);
#elif defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)
  (void)pt;
  (void)name; // TODO
#endif // OS
}

// kB
  long
process_get_rss(void)
{
  struct rusage rs;
  getrusage(RUSAGE_SELF, &rs);
  return rs.ru_maxrss;
}

  u32
process_affinity_count(void)
{
  cpu_set_t set;
  if (thread_getaffinity_set(&set) != 0)
    return process_ncpu;

  const u32 nr = (u32)CPU_COUNT(&set);
  return nr ? nr : process_ncpu;
}

  u32
process_getaffinity_list(const u32 max, u32 * const cores)
{
  memset(cores, 0, max * sizeof(cores[0]));
  cpu_set_t set;
  if (thread_getaffinity_set(&set) != 0)
    return 0;

  const u32 nr_affinity = (u32)CPU_COUNT(&set);
  const u32 nr = nr_affinity < max ? nr_affinity : max;
  u32 j = 0;
  for (u32 i = 0; i < process_ncpu; i++) {
    if (CPU_ISSET(i, &set))
      cores[j++] = i;

    if (j >= nr)
      break;
  }
  return j;
}

  void
thread_setaffinity_list(const u32 nr, const u32 * const list)
{
  cpu_set_t set;
  CPU_ZERO(&set);
  for (u32 i = 0; i < nr; i++)
    if (list[i] < process_ncpu)
      CPU_SET(list[i], &set);
  thread_setaffinity_set(&set);
}

  void
thread_pin(const u32 cpu)
{
  cpu_set_t set;
  CPU_ZERO(&set);
  CPU_SET(cpu % process_ncpu, &set);
  thread_setaffinity_set(&set);
}

  u64
process_cpu_time_usec(void)
{
  struct rusage rs;
  getrusage(RUSAGE_SELF, &rs);
  const u64 usr = (((u64)rs.ru_utime.tv_sec) * 1000000lu) + ((u64)rs.ru_utime.tv_usec);
  const u64 sys = (((u64)rs.ru_stime.tv_sec) * 1000000lu) + ((u64)rs.ru_stime.tv_usec);
  return usr + sys;
}

struct fork_join_info {
  u32 total;
  u32 ncores;
  u32 * cores;
  void *(*func)(void *);
  bool args;
  union {
    void * arg1;
    void ** argn;
  };
  union {
    struct { volatile au32 ferr, jerr; };
    volatile au64 xerr;
  };
};

// DON'T CHANGE!
#define FORK_JOIN_RANK_BITS ((16)) // 16
#define FORK_JOIN_MAX ((1u << FORK_JOIN_RANK_BITS))

/*
 * fj(6):     T0
 *         /      \
 *       T0        T4
 *     /   \      /
 *    T0   T2    T4
 *   / \   / \   / \
 *  t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5
 */

// recursive tree fork-join
  static void *
thread_do_fork_join_worker(void * const ptr)
{
  struct entry13 fjp = {.ptr = ptr};
  // GCC: Without explicitly casting from fjp.fji (a 45-bit u64 value),
  // the high bits will get truncated, which is always CORRECT in gcc.
  // Don't use gcc.
  struct fork_join_info * const fji = u64_to_ptr(fjp.e3);
  const u32 rank = (u32)fjp.e1;

  const u32 nchild = (u32)__builtin_ctz(rank ? rank : bits_p2_up_u32(fji->total));
  debug_assert(nchild <= FORK_JOIN_RANK_BITS);
  pthread_t tids[FORK_JOIN_RANK_BITS];
  if (nchild) {
    cpu_set_t set;
    CPU_ZERO(&set);
    pthread_attr_t attr;
    pthread_attr_init(&attr);
    //pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE); // Joinable by default
    // fork top-down
    for (u32 i = nchild - 1; i < nchild; i--) {
      const u32 cr = rank + (1u << i); // child's rank
      if (cr >= fji->total)
        continue; // should not break
      const u32 core = fji->cores[(cr < fji->ncores) ? cr : (cr % fji->ncores)];
      CPU_SET(core, &set);
      pthread_attr_setaffinity_np(&attr, sizeof(set), &set);
      fjp.e1 = (u16)cr;
      const int r = pthread_create(&tids[i], &attr, thread_do_fork_join_worker, fjp.ptr);
      CPU_CLR(core, &set);
      if (unlikely(r)) { // fork failed
        memset(&tids[0], 0, sizeof(tids[0]) * (i+1));
        u32 nmiss = (1u << (i + 1)) - 1;
        if ((rank + nmiss) >= fji->total)
          nmiss = fji->total - 1 - rank;
        (void)atomic_fetch_add_explicit(&fji->ferr, nmiss, MO_RELAXED);
        break;
      }
    }
    pthread_attr_destroy(&attr);
  }

  char thname0[16];
  char thname1[16];
  thread_get_name(pthread_self(), thname0, 16);
  snprintf(thname1, 16, "%.8s_%u", thname0, rank);
  thread_set_name(pthread_self(), thname1);

  void * const ret = fji->func(fji->args ? fji->argn[rank] : fji->arg1);

  thread_set_name(pthread_self(), thname0);
  // join bottom-up
  for (u32 i = 0; i < nchild; i++) {
    const u32 cr = rank + (1u << i); // child rank
    if (cr >= fji->total)
      break; // safe to break
    if (tids[i]) {
      const int r = pthread_join(tids[i], NULL);
      if (unlikely(r)) { // error
        //fprintf(stderr, "pthread_join %u..%u = %d: %s\n", rank, cr, r, strerror(r));
        (void)atomic_fetch_add_explicit(&fji->jerr, 1, MO_RELAXED);
      }
    }
  }
  return ret;
}

  u64
thread_fork_join(u32 nr, void *(*func) (void *), const bool args, void * const argx)
{
  if (unlikely(nr > FORK_JOIN_MAX)) {
    fprintf(stderr, "%s reduce nr to %u\n", __func__, FORK_JOIN_MAX);
    nr = FORK_JOIN_MAX;
  }

  u32 cores[CPU_SETSIZE];
  u32 ncores = process_getaffinity_list(process_ncpu, cores);
  if (unlikely(ncores == 0)) { // force to use all cores
    ncores = process_ncpu;
    for (u32 i = 0; i < process_ncpu; i++)
      cores[i] = i;
  }
  if (unlikely(nr == 0))
    nr = ncores;

  // the compiler does not know fji can change since we cast &fji into fjp
  struct fork_join_info fji = {.total = nr, .cores = cores, .ncores = ncores,
      .func = func, .args = args, .arg1 = argx};
  const struct entry13 fjp = entry13(0, (u64)(&fji));

  // save current affinity
  cpu_set_t set0;
  thread_getaffinity_set(&set0);

  // master thread shares thread0's core
  cpu_set_t set;
  CPU_ZERO(&set);
  CPU_SET(fji.cores[0], &set);
  thread_setaffinity_set(&set);

  const u64 t0 = time_nsec();
  (void)thread_do_fork_join_worker(fjp.ptr);
  const u64 dt = time_diff_nsec(t0);

  // restore original affinity
  thread_setaffinity_set(&set0);

  // check and report errors (unlikely)
  if (atomic_load_explicit(&fji.xerr, MO_CONSUME))
    fprintf(stderr, "%s errors: fork %u join %u\n", __func__, fji.ferr, fji.jerr);
  return dt;
}

  int
thread_create_at(const u32 cpu, pthread_t * const thread,
    void *(*start_routine) (void *), void * const arg)
{
  const u32 cpu_id = (cpu < process_ncpu) ? cpu : (cpu % process_ncpu);
  pthread_attr_t attr;
  pthread_attr_init(&attr);
  //pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE);
  cpu_set_t set;

  CPU_ZERO(&set);
  CPU_SET(cpu_id, &set);
  pthread_attr_setaffinity_np(&attr, sizeof(set), &set);
  const int r = pthread_create(thread, &attr, start_routine, arg);
  pthread_attr_destroy(&attr);
  return r;
}
// }}} process/thread

// locking {{{

// spinlock {{{
#if defined(__linux__)
#define SPINLOCK_PTHREAD
#endif // __linux__

#if defined(SPINLOCK_PTHREAD)
static_assert(sizeof(pthread_spinlock_t) <= sizeof(spinlock), "spinlock size");
#else // SPINLOCK_PTHREAD
static_assert(sizeof(au32) <= sizeof(spinlock), "spinlock size");
#endif // SPINLOCK_PTHREAD

  void
spinlock_init(spinlock * const lock)
{
#if defined(SPINLOCK_PTHREAD)
  pthread_spinlock_t * const p = (typeof(p))lock;
  pthread_spin_init(p, PTHREAD_PROCESS_PRIVATE);
#else // SPINLOCK_PTHREAD
  au32 * const p = (typeof(p))lock;
  atomic_store_explicit(p, 0, MO_RELEASE);
#endif // SPINLOCK_PTHREAD
}

  inline void
spinlock_lock(spinlock * const lock)
{
#if defined(CORR)
#pragma nounroll
  while (!spinlock_trylock(lock))
    corr_yield();
#else // CORR
#if defined(SPINLOCK_PTHREAD)
  pthread_spinlock_t * const p = (typeof(p))lock;
  pthread_spin_lock(p); // return value ignored
#else // SPINLOCK_PTHREAD
  au32 * const p = (typeof(p))lock;
#pragma nounroll
  do {
    if (atomic_fetch_sub_explicit(p, 1, MO_ACQUIRE) == 0)
      return;
#pragma nounroll
    do {
      cpu_pause();
    } while (atomic_load_explicit(p, MO_CONSUME));
  } while (true);
#endif // SPINLOCK_PTHREAD
#endif // CORR
}

  inline bool
spinlock_trylock(spinlock * const lock)
{
#if defined(SPINLOCK_PTHREAD)
  pthread_spinlock_t * const p = (typeof(p))lock;
  return !pthread_spin_trylock(p);
#else // SPINLOCK_PTHREAD
  au32 * const p = (typeof(p))lock;
  return atomic_fetch_sub_explicit(p, 1, MO_ACQUIRE) == 0;
#endif // SPINLOCK_PTHREAD
}

  inline void
spinlock_unlock(spinlock * const lock)
{
#if defined(SPINLOCK_PTHREAD)
  pthread_spinlock_t * const p = (typeof(p))lock;
  pthread_spin_unlock(p); // return value ignored
#else // SPINLOCK_PTHREAD
  au32 * const p = (typeof(p))lock;
  atomic_store_explicit(p, 0, MO_RELEASE);
#endif // SPINLOCK_PTHREAD
}
// }}} spinlock

// pthread mutex {{{
static_assert(sizeof(pthread_mutex_t) <= sizeof(mutex), "mutexlock size");
  inline void
mutex_init(mutex * const lock)
{
  pthread_mutex_t * const p = (typeof(p))lock;
  pthread_mutex_init(p, NULL);
}

  inline void
mutex_lock(mutex * const lock)
{
#if defined(CORR)
#pragma nounroll
  while (!mutex_trylock(lock))
    corr_yield();
#else
  pthread_mutex_t * const p = (typeof(p))lock;
  pthread_mutex_lock(p); // return value ignored
#endif
}

  inline bool
mutex_trylock(mutex * const lock)
{
  pthread_mutex_t * const p = (typeof(p))lock;
  return !pthread_mutex_trylock(p); // return value ignored
}

  inline void
mutex_unlock(mutex * const lock)
{
  pthread_mutex_t * const p = (typeof(p))lock;
  pthread_mutex_unlock(p); // return value ignored
}

  inline void
mutex_deinit(mutex * const lock)
{
  pthread_mutex_t * const p = (typeof(p))lock;
  pthread_mutex_destroy(p);
}
// }}} pthread mutex

// rwdep {{{
// poor man's lockdep for rwlock
// per-thread lock list
// it calls debug_die() when local double-(un)locking is detected
// cyclic dependencies can be manually identified by looking at the two lists below in gdb
#ifdef RWDEP
#define RWDEP_NR ((16))
__thread const rwlock * rwdep_readers[RWDEP_NR] = {};
__thread const rwlock * rwdep_writers[RWDEP_NR] = {};

  static void
rwdep_check(const rwlock * const lock)
{
  debug_assert(lock);
  for (u64 i = 0; i < RWDEP_NR; i++) {
    if (rwdep_readers[i] == lock)
      debug_die();
    if (rwdep_writers[i] == lock)
      debug_die();
  }
}
#endif // RWDEP

  static void
rwdep_lock_read(const rwlock * const lock)
{
#ifdef RWDEP
  rwdep_check(lock);
  for (u64 i = 0; i < RWDEP_NR; i++) {
    if (rwdep_readers[i] == NULL) {
      rwdep_readers[i] = lock;
      return;
    }
  }
#else
  (void)lock;
#endif // RWDEP
}

  static void
rwdep_unlock_read(const rwlock * const lock)
{
#ifdef RWDEP
  for (u64 i = 0; i < RWDEP_NR; i++) {
    if (rwdep_readers[i] == lock) {
      rwdep_readers[i] = NULL;
      return;
    }
  }
  debug_die();
#else
  (void)lock;
#endif // RWDEP
}

  static void
rwdep_lock_write(const rwlock * const lock)
{
#ifdef RWDEP
  rwdep_check(lock);
  for (u64 i = 0; i < RWDEP_NR; i++) {
    if (rwdep_writers[i] == NULL) {
      rwdep_writers[i] = lock;
      return;
    }
  }
#else
  (void)lock;
#endif // RWDEP
}

  static void
rwdep_unlock_write(const rwlock * const lock)
{
#ifdef RWDEP
  for (u64 i = 0; i < RWDEP_NR; i++) {
    if (rwdep_writers[i] == lock) {
      rwdep_writers[i] = NULL;
      return;
    }
  }
  debug_die();
#else
  (void)lock;
#endif // RWDEP
}
// }}} rwlockdep

// rwlock {{{
typedef au32 lock_t;
typedef u32 lock_v;
static_assert(sizeof(lock_t) == sizeof(lock_v), "lock size");
static_assert(sizeof(lock_t) <= sizeof(rwlock), "lock size");

#define RWLOCK_WSHIFT ((sizeof(lock_t) * 8 - 1))
#define RWLOCK_WBIT ((((lock_v)1) << RWLOCK_WSHIFT))

  inline void
rwlock_init(rwlock * const lock)
{
  lock_t * const pvar = (typeof(pvar))lock;
  atomic_store_explicit(pvar, 0, MO_RELEASE);
}

  inline bool
rwlock_trylock_read(rwlock * const lock)
{
  lock_t * const pvar = (typeof(pvar))lock;
  if ((atomic_fetch_add_explicit(pvar, 1, MO_ACQUIRE) >> RWLOCK_WSHIFT) == 0) {
    rwdep_lock_read(lock);
    return true;
  } else {
    atomic_fetch_sub_explicit(pvar, 1, MO_RELAXED);
    return false;
  }
}

  inline bool
rwlock_trylock_read_lp(rwlock * const lock)
{
  lock_t * const pvar = (typeof(pvar))lock;
  if (atomic_load_explicit(pvar, MO_CONSUME) >> RWLOCK_WSHIFT) {
    cpu_pause();
    return false;
  }
  return rwlock_trylock_read(lock);
}

// actually nr + 1
  inline bool
rwlock_trylock_read_nr(rwlock * const lock, u16 nr)
{
  lock_t * const pvar = (typeof(pvar))lock;
  if ((atomic_fetch_add_explicit(pvar, 1, MO_ACQUIRE) >> RWLOCK_WSHIFT) == 0) {
    rwdep_lock_read(lock);
    return true;
  }

#pragma nounroll
  do { // someone already locked; wait for a little while
    cpu_pause();
    if ((atomic_load_explicit(pvar, MO_CONSUME) >> RWLOCK_WSHIFT) == 0) {
      rwdep_lock_read(lock);
      return true;
    }
  } while (nr--);

  atomic_fetch_sub_explicit(pvar, 1, MO_RELAXED);
  return false;
}

  inline void
rwlock_lock_read(rwlock * const lock)
{
  lock_t * const pvar = (typeof(pvar))lock;
#pragma nounroll
  do {
    if (rwlock_trylock_read(lock))
      return;
#pragma nounroll
    do {
#if defined(CORR)
      corr_yield();
#else
      cpu_pause();
#endif
    } while (atomic_load_explicit(pvar, MO_CONSUME) >> RWLOCK_WSHIFT);
  } while (true);
}

  inline void
rwlock_unlock_read(rwlock * const lock)
{
  rwdep_unlock_read(lock);
  lock_t * const pvar = (typeof(pvar))lock;
  atomic_fetch_sub_explicit(pvar, 1, MO_RELEASE);
}

  inline bool
rwlock_trylock_write(rwlock * const lock)
{
  lock_t * const pvar = (typeof(pvar))lock;
  lock_v v0 = atomic_load_explicit(pvar, MO_CONSUME);
  if ((v0 == 0) && atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit(pvar, &v0, RWLOCK_WBIT, MO_ACQUIRE, MO_RELAXED)) {
    rwdep_lock_write(lock);
    return true;
  } else {
    return false;
  }
}

// actually nr + 1
  inline bool
rwlock_trylock_write_nr(rwlock * const lock, u16 nr)
{
#pragma nounroll
  do {
    if (rwlock_trylock_write(lock))
      return true;
    cpu_pause();
  } while (nr--);
  return false;
}

  inline void
rwlock_lock_write(rwlock * const lock)
{
  lock_t * const pvar = (typeof(pvar))lock;
#pragma nounroll
  do {
    if (rwlock_trylock_write(lock))
      return;
#pragma nounroll
    do {
#if defined(CORR)
      corr_yield();
#else
      cpu_pause();
#endif
    } while (atomic_load_explicit(pvar, MO_CONSUME));
  } while (true);
}

  inline bool
rwlock_trylock_write_hp(rwlock * const lock)
{
  lock_t * const pvar = (typeof(pvar))lock;
  lock_v v0 = atomic_load_explicit(pvar, MO_CONSUME);
  if (v0 >> RWLOCK_WSHIFT)
    return false;

  if (atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit(pvar, &v0, v0|RWLOCK_WBIT, MO_ACQUIRE, MO_RELAXED)) {
    rwdep_lock_write(lock);
    // WBIT successfully marked; must wait for readers to leave
    if (v0) { // saw active readers
#pragma nounroll
      while (atomic_load_explicit(pvar, MO_CONSUME) != RWLOCK_WBIT) {
#if defined(CORR)
        corr_yield();
#else
        cpu_pause();
#endif
      }
    }
    return true;
  } else {
    return false;
  }
}

  inline bool
rwlock_trylock_write_hp_nr(rwlock * const lock, u16 nr)
{
#pragma nounroll
  do {
    if (rwlock_trylock_write_hp(lock))
      return true;
    cpu_pause();
  } while (nr--);
  return false;
}

  inline void
rwlock_lock_write_hp(rwlock * const lock)
{
#pragma nounroll
  while (!rwlock_trylock_write_hp(lock)) {
#if defined(CORR)
    corr_yield();
#else
    cpu_pause();
#endif
  }
}

  inline void
rwlock_unlock_write(rwlock * const lock)
{
  rwdep_unlock_write(lock);
  lock_t * const pvar = (typeof(pvar))lock;
  atomic_fetch_sub_explicit(pvar, RWLOCK_WBIT, MO_RELEASE);
}

  inline void
rwlock_write_to_read(rwlock * const lock)
{
  rwdep_unlock_write(lock);
  rwdep_lock_read(lock);
  lock_t * const pvar = (typeof(pvar))lock;
  // +R -W
  atomic_fetch_add_explicit(pvar, ((lock_v)1) - RWLOCK_WBIT, MO_ACQ_REL);
}

#undef RWLOCK_WSHIFT
#undef RWLOCK_WBIT
// }}} rwlock

// }}} locking

// coroutine {{{

// asm {{{
#if defined(__x86_64__)
// number pushes in co_switch_stack
#define CO_CONTEXT_SIZE ((6))

// for switch/exit: pass a return value to the target
asm (
    ".align 16;"
#if defined(__linux__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)
    ".global co_switch_stack;"
    ".type co_switch_stack, @function;"
    "co_switch_stack:"
#elif defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)
    ".global _co_switch_stack;"
    "_co_switch_stack:"
#else
#error Supported platforms: Linux/FreeBSD/Apple
#endif // OS
    "push %rbp; push %rbx; push %r12;"
    "push %r13; push %r14; push %r15;"
    "mov  %rsp, (%rdi);"
    "mov  %rsi, %rsp;"
    "pop  %r15; pop  %r14; pop  %r13;"
    "pop  %r12; pop  %rbx; pop  %rbp;"
    "mov  %rdx, %rax;"
    "retq;"
    );

#elif defined(__aarch64__)
// number pushes in co_switch_stack
#define CO_CONTEXT_SIZE ((20))
asm (
    ".align 16;"
#if defined(__linux__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)
    ".global co_switch_stack;"
    ".type co_switch_stack, @function;"
    "co_switch_stack:"
#elif defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)
    ".global _co_switch_stack;"
    "_co_switch_stack:"
#else
#error supported platforms: Linux/FreeBSD/Apple
#endif // OS
    "sub  x8, sp, 160;"
    "str  x8, [x0];"
    "stp x30, x19, [x8];      ldp x30, x19, [x1];"
    "stp x20, x21, [x8, 16];  ldp x20, x21, [x1, 16];"
    "stp x22, x23, [x8, 32];  ldp x22, x23, [x1, 32];"
    "stp x24, x25, [x8, 48];  ldp x24, x25, [x1, 48];"
    "stp x26, x27, [x8, 64];  ldp x26, x27, [x1, 64];"
    "stp x28, x29, [x8, 80];  ldp x28, x29, [x1, 80];"
    "stp  d8,  d9, [x8, 96];  ldp  d8,  d9, [x1, 96];"
    "stp d10, d11, [x8, 112]; ldp d10, d11, [x1, 112];"
    "stp d12, d13, [x8, 128]; ldp d12, d13, [x1, 128];"
    "stp d14, d15, [x8, 144]; ldp d14, d15, [x1, 144];"
    "add  sp, x1, 160;"
    "mov  x0, x2;"
    "br  x30;"
    );

extern void co_entry_aarch64(void);
asm (
    ".align 16;"
#if defined(__linux__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)
    ".global co_entry_aarch64;"
    ".type co_entry_aarch64, @function;"
    "co_entry_aarch64:"
#elif defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)
    ".global _co_entry_aarch64;"
    "_co_entry_aarch64:"
#else
#error supported platforms: Linux/FreeBSD/Apple
#endif // OS
    "ldr x8, [sp, 0];"
    "blr x8;"
    "ldr x8, [sp, 8];"
    "blr x8;"
    "ldr x8, [sp, 16];"
    "blr x8;"
    );
#else
#error supported CPUs: x86_64 or AArch64
#endif // co_switch_stack x86_64 and aarch64
// }}} asm

// co {{{
struct co {
  u64 rsp;
  void * priv;
  u64 * host; // set host to NULL to exit
  size_t stksz;
};

static __thread struct co * volatile co_curr = NULL; // NULL in host

// the stack sits under the struct co
  static void
co_init(struct co * const co, void * func, void * priv, u64 * const host,
    const u64 stksz, void * func_exit)
{
  debug_assert((stksz & 0x3f) == 0); // a multiple of 64 bytes
  u64 * rsp = ((u64 *)co) - 4;
  rsp[0] = (u64)func;
  rsp[1] = (u64)func_exit;
  rsp[2] = (u64)debug_die;
  rsp[3] = 0;

  rsp -= CO_CONTEXT_SIZE;

#if defined(__aarch64__)
  rsp[0] = (u64)co_entry_aarch64;
#endif

  co->rsp = (u64)rsp;
  co->priv = priv;
  co->host = host;
  co->stksz = stksz;
}

  static void
co_exit0(void)
{
  co_exit(0);
}

  struct co *
co_create(const u64 stacksize, void * func, void * priv, u64 * const host)
{
  const u64 stksz = bits_round_up(stacksize, 6);
  const size_t alloc_size = stksz + sizeof(struct co);
  u8 * const mem = yalloc(alloc_size);
  if (mem == NULL)
    return NULL;

#ifdef CO_STACK_CHECK
  memset(mem, 0x5c, stksz);
#endif // CO_STACK_CHECK

  struct co * const co = (typeof(co))(mem + stksz);
  co_init(co, func, priv, host, stksz, co_exit0);
  return co;
}

  inline void
co_reuse(struct co * const co, void * func, void * priv, u64 * const host)
{
  co_init(co, func, priv, host, co->stksz, co_exit0);
}

  inline struct co *
co_fork(void * func, void * priv)
{
  return co_curr ? co_create(co_curr->stksz, func, priv, co_curr->host) : NULL;
}

  inline void *
co_priv(void)
{
  return co_curr ? co_curr->priv : NULL;
}

// the host calls this to enter a coroutine.
  inline u64
co_enter(struct co * const to, const u64 retval)
{
  debug_assert(co_curr == NULL); // must entry from the host
  debug_assert(to && to->host);
  u64 * const save = to->host;
  co_curr = to;
  const u64 ret = co_switch_stack(save, to->rsp, retval);
  co_curr = NULL;
  return ret;
}

// switch from a coroutine to another coroutine
// co_curr must be valid
// the target will resume and receive the retval
  inline u64
co_switch_to(struct co * const to, const u64 retval)
{
  debug_assert(co_curr);
  debug_assert(co_curr != to);
  debug_assert(to && to->host);
  struct co * const save = co_curr;
  co_curr = to;
  return co_switch_stack(&(save->rsp), to->rsp, retval);
}

// switch from a coroutine to the host routine
// co_yield is now a c++ keyword...
  inline u64
co_back(const u64 retval)
{
  debug_assert(co_curr);
  struct co * const save = co_curr;
  co_curr = NULL;
  return co_switch_stack(&(save->rsp), *(save->host), retval);
}

#ifdef CO_STACK_CHECK
  static void
co_stack_check(const u8 * const mem, const u64 stksz)
{
  const u64 * const mem64 = (typeof(mem64))mem;
  const u64 size64 = stksz / sizeof(u64);
  for (u64 i = 0; i < size64; i++) {
    if (mem64[i] != 0x5c5c5c5c5c5c5c5clu) {
      fprintf(stderr, "%s co stack usage: %lu/%lu\n", __func__, stksz - (i * sizeof(u64)), stksz);
      break;
    }
  }
}
#endif // CO_STACK_CHECK

// return to host and set host to NULL
__attribute__((noreturn))
  void
co_exit(const u64 retval)
{
  debug_assert(co_curr);
#ifdef CO_STACK_CHECK
  const u64 stksz = co_curr->stksz;
  u8 * const mem = ((u8 *)co_curr) - stksz;
  co_stack_check(mem, stksz);
#endif // CO_STACK_CHECK
  const u64 hostrsp = *(co_curr->host);
  co_curr->host = NULL;
  struct co * const save = co_curr;
  co_curr = NULL;
  (void)co_switch_stack(&(save->rsp), hostrsp, retval);
  // return to co_enter
  debug_die();
}

// host is set to NULL on exit
  inline bool
co_valid(struct co * const co)
{
  return co->host != NULL;
}

// return NULL on host
  inline struct co *
co_self(void)
{
  return co_curr;
}

  inline void
co_destroy(struct co * const co)
{
  u8 * const mem = ((u8 *)co) - co->stksz;
  free(mem);
}
// }}} co

// corr {{{
struct corr {
  struct co co;
  struct corr * next;
  struct corr * prev;
};

// initial and link guest to the run-queue
  struct corr *
corr_create(const u64 stacksize, void * func, void * priv, u64 * const host)
{
  const u64 stksz = bits_round_up(stacksize, 6);
  const size_t alloc_size = stksz + sizeof(struct corr);
  u8 * const mem = yalloc(alloc_size);
  if (mem == NULL)
    return NULL;

#ifdef CO_STACK_CHECK
  memset(mem, 0x5c, stksz);
#endif // CO_STACK_CHECK

  struct corr * const co = (typeof(co))(mem + stksz);
  co_init(&(co->co), func, priv, host, stksz, corr_exit);
  co->next = co;
  co->prev = co;
  return co;
}

  struct corr *
corr_link(const u64 stacksize, void * func, void * priv, struct corr * const prev)
{
  const u64 stksz = bits_round_up(stacksize, 6);
  const size_t alloc_size = stksz + sizeof(struct corr);
  u8 * const mem = yalloc(alloc_size);
  if (mem == NULL)
    return NULL;

#ifdef CO_STACK_CHECK
  memset(mem, 0x5c, stksz);
#endif // CO_STACK_CHECK

  struct corr * const co = (typeof(co))(mem + stksz);
  co_init(&(co->co), func, priv, prev->co.host, stksz, corr_exit);
  co->next = prev->next;
  co->prev = prev;
  co->prev->next = co;
  co->next->prev = co;
  return co;
}

  inline void
corr_reuse(struct corr * const co, void * func, void * priv, u64 * const host)
{
  co_init(&(co->co), func, priv, host, co->co.stksz, corr_exit);
  co->next = co;
  co->prev = co;
}

  inline void
corr_relink(struct corr * const co, void * func, void * priv, struct corr * const prev)
{
  co_init(&(co->co), func, priv, prev->co.host, co->co.stksz, corr_exit);
  co->next = prev->next;
  co->prev = prev;
  co->prev->next = co;
  co->next->prev = co;
}

  inline void
corr_enter(struct corr * const co)
{
  (void)co_enter(&(co->co), 0);
}

  inline void
corr_yield(void)
{
  struct corr * const curr = (typeof(curr))co_curr;
  if (curr && (curr->next != curr))
    (void)co_switch_to(&(curr->next->co), 0);
}

__attribute__((noreturn))
  inline void
corr_exit(void)
{
  debug_assert(co_curr);
#ifdef CO_STACK_CHECK
  const u64 stksz = co_curr->stksz;
  const u8 * const mem = ((u8 *)(co_curr)) - stksz;
  co_stack_check(mem, stksz);
#endif // CO_STACK_CHECK

  struct corr * const curr = (typeof(curr))co_curr;
  if (curr->next != curr) { // have more corr
    struct corr * const next = curr->next;
    struct corr * const prev = curr->prev;
    next->prev = prev;
    prev->next = next;
    curr->next = NULL;
    curr->prev = NULL;
    curr->co.host = NULL; // invalidate
    (void)co_switch_to(&(next->co), 0);
  } else { // the last corr
    co_exit0();
  }
  debug_die();
}

  inline void
corr_destroy(struct corr * const co)
{
  co_destroy(&(co->co));
}
// }}} corr

// }}} co

// bits {{{
  inline u32
bits_reverse_u32(const u32 v)
{
  const u32 v2 = __builtin_bswap32(v);
  const u32 v3 = ((v2 & 0xf0f0f0f0u) >> 4) | ((v2 & 0x0f0f0f0fu) << 4);
  const u32 v4 = ((v3 & 0xccccccccu) >> 2) | ((v3 & 0x33333333u) << 2);
  const u32 v5 = ((v4 & 0xaaaaaaaau) >> 1) | ((v4 & 0x55555555u) << 1);
  return v5;
}

  inline u64
bits_reverse_u64(const u64 v)
{
  const u64 v2 = __builtin_bswap64(v);
  const u64 v3 = ((v2 & 0xf0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0lu) >>  4) | ((v2 & 0x0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0flu) <<  4);
  const u64 v4 = ((v3 & 0xcccccccccccccccclu) >>  2) | ((v3 & 0x3333333333333333lu) <<  2);
  const u64 v5 = ((v4 & 0xaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaalu) >>  1) | ((v4 & 0x5555555555555555lu) <<  1);
  return v5;
}

  inline u64
bits_rotl_u64(const u64 v, const u8 n)
{
  const u8 sh = n & 0x3f;
  return (v << sh) | (v >> (64 - sh));
}

  inline u64
bits_rotr_u64(const u64 v, const u8 n)
{
  const u8 sh = n & 0x3f;
  return (v >> sh) | (v << (64 - sh));
}

  inline u32
bits_rotl_u32(const u32 v, const u8 n)
{
  const u8 sh = n & 0x1f;
  return (v << sh) | (v >> (32 - sh));
}

  inline u32
bits_rotr_u32(const u32 v, const u8 n)
{
  const u8 sh = n & 0x1f;
  return (v >> sh) | (v << (32 - sh));
}

  inline u64
bits_p2_up_u64(const u64 v)
{
  // clz(0) is undefined
  return (v > 1) ? (1lu << (64 - __builtin_clzl(v - 1lu))) : v;
}

  inline u32
bits_p2_up_u32(const u32 v)
{
  // clz(0) is undefined
  return (v > 1) ? (1u << (32 - __builtin_clz(v - 1u))) : v;
}

  inline u64
bits_p2_down_u64(const u64 v)
{
  return v ? (1lu << (63 - __builtin_clzl(v))) : v;
}

  inline u32
bits_p2_down_u32(const u32 v)
{
  return v ? (1u << (31 - __builtin_clz(v))) : v;
}

  inline u64
bits_round_up(const u64 v, const u8 power)
{
  return (v + (1lu << power) - 1lu) >> power << power;
}

  inline u64
bits_round_up_a(const u64 v, const u64 a)
{
  return (v + a - 1) / a * a;
}

  inline u64
bits_round_down(const u64 v, const u8 power)
{
  return v >> power << power;
}

  inline u64
bits_round_down_a(const u64 v, const u64 a)
{
  return v / a * a;
}
// }}} bits

// vi128 {{{
#if defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ >= 7
#define FALLTHROUGH __attribute__ ((fallthrough))
#else
#define FALLTHROUGH ((void)0)
#endif /* __GNUC__ >= 7 */

  inline u32
vi128_estimate_u32(const u32 v)
{
  static const u8 t[] = {5,5,5,5,
    4,4,4,4,4,4,4, 3,3,3,3,3,3,3,
    2,2,2,2,2,2,2, 1,1,1,1,1,1,1};
  return v ? t[__builtin_clz(v)] : 2;
  // 0 -> [0x80 0x00] the first byte is non-zero

  // nz bit range -> enc length    offset in t[]
  // 0 -> 2          special case
  // 1 to 7 -> 1     31 to 25
  // 8 to 14 -> 2    24 to 18
  // 15 to 21 -> 3   17 to 11
  // 22 to 28 -> 4   10 to 4
  // 29 to 32 -> 5    3 to 0
}

  u8 *
vi128_encode_u32(u8 * dst, u32 v)
{
  switch (vi128_estimate_u32(v)) {
  case 5:
    *(dst++) = (u8)(v | 0x80); v >>= 7; FALLTHROUGH;
  case 4:
    *(dst++) = (u8)(v | 0x80); v >>= 7; FALLTHROUGH;
  case 3:
    *(dst++) = (u8)(v | 0x80); v >>= 7; FALLTHROUGH;
  case 2:
    *(dst++) = (u8)(v | 0x80); v >>= 7; FALLTHROUGH;
  case 1:
    *(dst++) = (u8)v;
    break;
  default:
    debug_die();
    break;
  }
  return dst;
}

  const u8 *
vi128_decode_u32(const u8 * src, u32 * const out)
{
  debug_assert(*src);
  u32 r = 0;
  for (u32 shift = 0; shift < 32; shift += 7) {
    const u8 byte = *(src++);
    r |= (((u32)(byte & 0x7f)) << shift);
    if ((byte & 0x80) == 0) { // No more bytes to consume
      *out = r;
      return src;
    }
  }
  *out = 0;
  return NULL; // invalid
}

  inline u32
vi128_estimate_u64(const u64 v)
{
  static const u8 t[] = {10,
    9,9,9,9,9,9,9, 8,8,8,8,8,8,8, 7,7,7,7,7,7,7,
    6,6,6,6,6,6,6, 5,5,5,5,5,5,5, 4,4,4,4,4,4,4,
    3,3,3,3,3,3,3, 2,2,2,2,2,2,2, 1,1,1,1,1,1,1};
  return v ? t[__builtin_clzl(v)] : 2;
}

// return ptr after the generated bytes
  u8 *
vi128_encode_u64(u8 * dst, u64 v)
{
  switch (vi128_estimate_u64(v)) {
  case 10:
    *(dst++) = (u8)(v | 0x80); v >>= 7; FALLTHROUGH;
  case 9:
    *(dst++) = (u8)(v | 0x80); v >>= 7; FALLTHROUGH;
  case 8:
    *(dst++) = (u8)(v | 0x80); v >>= 7; FALLTHROUGH;
  case 7:
    *(dst++) = (u8)(v | 0x80); v >>= 7; FALLTHROUGH;
  case 6:
    *(dst++) = (u8)(v | 0x80); v >>= 7; FALLTHROUGH;
  case 5:
    *(dst++) = (u8)(v | 0x80); v >>= 7; FALLTHROUGH;
  case 4:
    *(dst++) = (u8)(v | 0x80); v >>= 7; FALLTHROUGH;
  case 3:
    *(dst++) = (u8)(v | 0x80); v >>= 7; FALLTHROUGH;
  case 2:
    *(dst++) = (u8)(v | 0x80); v >>= 7; FALLTHROUGH;
  case 1:
    *(dst++) = (u8)v;
    break;
  default:
    debug_die();
    break;
  }
  return dst;
}

// return ptr after the consumed bytes
  const u8 *
vi128_decode_u64(const u8 * src, u64 * const out)
{
  u64 r = 0;
  for (u32 shift = 0; shift < 64; shift += 7) {
    const u8 byte = *(src++);
    r |= (((u64)(byte & 0x7f)) << shift);
    if ((byte & 0x80) == 0) { // No more bytes to consume
      *out = r;
      return src;
    }
  }
  *out = 0;
  return NULL; // invalid
}

#undef FALLTHROUGH
// }}} vi128

// misc {{{
  inline struct entry13
entry13(const u16 e1, const u64 e3)
{
  debug_assert((e3 >> 48) == 0);
  return (struct entry13){.v64 = (e3 << 16) | e1};
}

  inline void
entry13_update_e3(struct entry13 * const e, const u64 e3)
{
  debug_assert((e3 >> 48) == 0);
  *e = entry13(e->e1, e3);
}

  inline void *
u64_to_ptr(const u64 v)
{
  return (void *)v;
}

  inline u64
ptr_to_u64(const void * const ptr)
{
  return (u64)ptr;
}

// portable malloc_usable_size
  inline size_t
m_usable_size(void * const ptr)
{
#if defined(__linux__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)
  const size_t sz = malloc_usable_size(ptr);
#elif defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)
  const size_t sz = malloc_size(ptr);
#endif // OS

#ifndef HEAPCHECKING
  // valgrind and asan may return unaligned usable size
  debug_assert((sz & 0x7lu) == 0);
#endif // HEAPCHECKING

  return sz;
}

  inline size_t
fdsize(const int fd)
{
  struct stat st;
  st.st_size = 0;
  if (fstat(fd, &st) != 0)
    return 0;

  if (S_ISBLK(st.st_mode)) {
#if defined(__linux__)
    ioctl(fd, BLKGETSIZE64, &st.st_size);
#elif defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)
    u64 blksz = 0;
    u64 nblks = 0;
    ioctl(fd, DKIOCGETBLOCKSIZE, &blksz);
    ioctl(fd, DKIOCGETBLOCKCOUNT, &nblks);
    st.st_size = (ssize_t)(blksz * nblks);
#elif defined(__FreeBSD__)
    ioctl(fd, DIOCGMEDIASIZE, &st.st_size);
#endif // OS
  }

  return (size_t)st.st_size;
}

  u32
memlcp(const u8 * const p1, const u8 * const p2, const u32 max)
{
  const u32 max64 = max & (~7u);
  u32 clen = 0;
  while (clen < max64) {
    const u64 v1 = *(const u64 *)(p1+clen);
    const u64 v2 = *(const u64 *)(p2+clen);
    const u64 x = v1 ^ v2;
    if (x)
      return clen + (u32)(__builtin_ctzl(x) >> 3);

    clen += sizeof(u64);
  }

  if ((clen + sizeof(u32)) <= max) {
    const u32 v1 = *(const u32 *)(p1+clen);
    const u32 v2 = *(const u32 *)(p2+clen);
    const u32 x = v1 ^ v2;
    if (x)
      return clen + (u32)(__builtin_ctz(x) >> 3);

    clen += sizeof(u32);
  }

  while ((clen < max) && (p1[clen] == p2[clen]))
    clen++;
  return clen;
}

static double logger_t0 = 0.0;

__attribute__((constructor))
  static void
logger_init(void)
{
  logger_t0 = time_sec();
}

__attribute__ ((format (printf, 2, 3)))
  void
logger_printf(const int fd, const char * const fmt, ...)
{
  char buf[4096];
  va_list ap;
  va_start(ap, fmt);
  vsnprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), fmt, ap);
  va_end(ap);
  dprintf(fd, "%010.3lf %08x %s", time_diff_sec(logger_t0), crc32c_u64(0x12345678, (u64)pthread_self()), buf);
}
// }}} misc

// astk {{{
// atomic stack
struct acell { struct acell * next; };

// extract ptr from m value
  static inline struct acell *
astk_ptr(const u64 m)
{
  return (struct acell *)(m >> 16);
}

// calculate the new magic
  static inline u64
astk_m1(const u64 m0, struct acell * const ptr)
{
  return ((m0 + 1) & 0xfffflu) | (((u64)ptr) << 16);
}

// calculate the new magic
  static inline u64
astk_m1_unsafe(struct acell * const ptr)
{
  return ((u64)ptr) << 16;
}

  static bool
astk_try_push(au64 * const pmagic, struct acell * const first, struct acell * const last)
{
  u64 m0 = atomic_load_explicit(pmagic, MO_CONSUME);
  last->next = astk_ptr(m0);
  const u64 m1 = astk_m1(m0, first);
  return atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit(pmagic, &m0, m1, MO_RELEASE, MO_RELAXED);
}

  static void
astk_push_safe(au64 * const pmagic, struct acell * const first, struct acell * const last)
{
  while (!astk_try_push(pmagic, first, last));
}

  static void
astk_push_unsafe(au64 * const pmagic, struct acell * const first,
    struct acell * const last)
{
  const u64 m0 = atomic_load_explicit(pmagic, MO_CONSUME);
  last->next = astk_ptr(m0);
  const u64 m1 = astk_m1_unsafe(first);
  atomic_store_explicit(pmagic, m1, MO_RELAXED);
}

//// can fail for two reasons: (1) NULL: no available object; (2) ~0lu: contention
//  static void *
//astk_try_pop(au64 * const pmagic)
//{
//  u64 m0 = atomic_load_explicit(pmagic, MO_CONSUME);
//  struct acell * const ret = astk_ptr(m0);
//  if (ret == NULL)
//    return NULL;
//
//  const u64 m1 = astk_m1(m0, ret->next);
//  if (atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit(pmagic, &m0, m1, MO_ACQUIRE, MO_RELAXED))
//    return ret;
//  else
//    return (void *)(~0lu);
//}

  static void *
astk_pop_safe(au64 * const pmagic)
{
  do {
    u64 m0 = atomic_load_explicit(pmagic, MO_CONSUME);
    struct acell * const ret = astk_ptr(m0);
    if (ret == NULL)
      return NULL;

    const u64 m1 = astk_m1(m0, ret->next);
    if (atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit(pmagic, &m0, m1, MO_ACQUIRE, MO_RELAXED))
      return ret;
  } while (true);
}

  static void *
astk_pop_unsafe(au64 * const pmagic)
{
  const u64 m0 = atomic_load_explicit(pmagic, MO_CONSUME);
  struct acell * const ret = astk_ptr(m0);
  if (ret == NULL)
    return NULL;

  const u64 m1 = astk_m1_unsafe(ret->next);
  atomic_store_explicit(pmagic, m1, MO_RELAXED);
  return (void *)ret;
}

  static void *
astk_peek_unsafe(au64 * const pmagic)
{
  const u64 m0 = atomic_load_explicit(pmagic, MO_CONSUME);
  return astk_ptr(m0);
}
// }}} astk

// slab {{{
#define SLAB_OBJ0_OFFSET ((64))
struct slab {
  au64 magic; // hi 48: ptr, lo 16: seq
  u64 padding1[7];

  // 2nd line
  struct acell * head_active; // list of blocks in use or in magic
  struct acell * head_backup; // list of unused full blocks
  u64 nr_ready; // UNSAFE only! number of objects under magic
  u64 padding2[5];

  // 3rd line const
  u64 obj_size; // const: aligned size of each object
  u64 blk_size; // const: size of each memory block
  u64 objs_per_slab; // const: number of objects in a slab
  u64 obj0_offset; // const: offset of the first object in a block
  u64 padding3[4];

  // 4th line
  union {
    mutex lock;
    u64 padding4[8];
  };
};
static_assert(sizeof(struct slab) == 256, "sizeof(struct slab) != 256");

  static void
slab_add(struct slab * const slab, struct acell * const blk, const bool is_safe)
{
  // insert into head_active
  blk->next = slab->head_active;
  slab->head_active = blk;

  u8 * const base = ((u8 *)blk) + slab->obj0_offset;
  struct acell * iter = (typeof(iter))base; // [0]
  for (u64 i = 1; i < slab->objs_per_slab; i++) {
    struct acell * const next = (typeof(next))(base + (i * slab->obj_size));
    iter->next = next;
    iter = next;
  }

  // base points to the first block; iter points to the last block
  if (is_safe) { // other threads can poll magic
    astk_push_safe(&slab->magic, (struct acell *)base, iter);
  } else { // unsafe
    astk_push_unsafe(&slab->magic, (struct acell *)base, iter);
    slab->nr_ready += slab->objs_per_slab;
  }
}

// critical section; call with lock
  static bool
slab_expand(struct slab * const slab, const bool is_safe)
{
  struct acell * const old = slab->head_backup;
  if (old) { // pop old from backup and add
    slab->head_backup = old->next;
    slab_add(slab, old, is_safe);
  } else { // more core
    size_t blk_size;
    struct acell * const new = pages_alloc_best(slab->blk_size, true, &blk_size);
    (void)blk_size;
    if (new == NULL)
      return false;

    slab_add(slab, new, is_safe);
  }
  return true;
}

// return 0 on failure; otherwise, obj0_offset
  static u64
slab_check_sizes(const u64 obj_size, const u64 blk_size)
{
  // obj must be non-zero and 8-byte aligned
  // blk must be at least of page size and power of 2
  if ((!obj_size) || (obj_size % 8lu) || (blk_size < 4096lu) || (blk_size & (blk_size - 1)))
    return 0;

  // each slab should have at least one object
  const u64 obj0_offset = (obj_size & (obj_size - 1)) ? SLAB_OBJ0_OFFSET : obj_size;
  if (obj0_offset >= blk_size || (blk_size - obj0_offset) < obj_size)
    return 0;

  return obj0_offset;
}

  static void
slab_init_internal(struct slab * const slab, const u64 obj_size, const u64 blk_size, const u64 obj0_offset)
{
  memset(slab, 0, sizeof(*slab));
  slab->obj_size = obj_size;
  slab->blk_size = blk_size;
  slab->objs_per_slab = (blk_size - obj0_offset) / obj_size;
  debug_assert(slab->objs_per_slab); // >= 1
  slab->obj0_offset = obj0_offset;
  mutex_init(&(slab->lock));
}

  struct slab *
slab_create(const u64 obj_size, const u64 blk_size)
{
  const u64 obj0_offset = slab_check_sizes(obj_size, blk_size);
  if (!obj0_offset)
    return NULL;

  struct slab * const slab = yalloc(sizeof(*slab));
  if (slab == NULL)
    return NULL;

  slab_init_internal(slab, obj_size, blk_size, obj0_offset);
  return slab;
}

// unsafe
  bool
slab_reserve_unsafe(struct slab * const slab, const u64 nr)
{
  while (slab->nr_ready < nr)
    if (!slab_expand(slab, false))
      return false;
  return true;
}

  void *
slab_alloc_unsafe(struct slab * const slab)
{
  void * ret = astk_pop_unsafe(&slab->magic);
  if (ret == NULL) {
    if (!slab_expand(slab, false))
      return NULL;
    ret = astk_pop_unsafe(&slab->magic);
  }
  debug_assert(ret);
  slab->nr_ready--;
  return ret;
}

  void *
slab_alloc_safe(struct slab * const slab)
{
  void * ret = astk_pop_safe(&slab->magic);
  if (ret)
    return ret;

  mutex_lock(&slab->lock);
  do {
    ret = astk_pop_safe(&slab->magic); // may already have new objs
    if (ret)
      break;
    if (!slab_expand(slab, true))
      break;
  } while (true);
  mutex_unlock(&slab->lock);
  return ret;
}

  void
slab_free_unsafe(struct slab * const slab, void * const ptr)
{
  debug_assert(ptr);
  astk_push_unsafe(&slab->magic, ptr, ptr);
  slab->nr_ready++;
}

  void
slab_free_safe(struct slab * const slab, void * const ptr)
{
  astk_push_safe(&slab->magic, ptr, ptr);
}

// UNSAFE
  void
slab_free_all(struct slab * const slab)
{
  slab->magic = 0;
  slab->nr_ready = 0; // backup does not count

  if (slab->head_active) {
    struct acell * iter = slab->head_active;
    while (iter->next)
      iter = iter->next;
    // now iter points to the last blk
    iter->next = slab->head_backup; // active..backup
    slab->head_backup = slab->head_active; // backup gets all
    slab->head_active = NULL; // empty active
  }
}

// unsafe
  u64
slab_get_nalloc(struct slab * const slab)
{
  struct acell * iter = slab->head_active;
  u64 n = 0;
  while (iter) {
    n++;
    iter = iter->next;
  }
  n *= slab->objs_per_slab;

  iter = astk_peek_unsafe(&slab->magic);
  while (iter) {
    n--;
    iter = iter->next;
  }
  return n;
}

  static void
slab_deinit(struct slab * const slab)
{
  debug_assert(slab);
  struct acell * iter = slab->head_active;
  while (iter) {
    struct acell * const next = iter->next;
    pages_unmap(iter, slab->blk_size);
    iter = next;
  }
  iter = slab->head_backup;
  while (iter) {
    struct acell * const next = iter->next;
    pages_unmap(iter, slab->blk_size);
    iter = next;
  }
}

  void
slab_destroy(struct slab * const slab)
{
  slab_deinit(slab);
  free(slab);
}
// }}} slab

// string {{{
static union { u16 v16; u8 v8[2]; } strdec_table[100];

__attribute__((constructor))
  static void
strdec_init(void)
{
  for (u8 i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
    const u8 hi = (typeof(hi))('0' + (i / 10));
    const u8 lo = (typeof(lo))('0' + (i % 10));
    strdec_table[i].v8[0] = hi;
    strdec_table[i].v8[1] = lo;
  }
}

// output 10 bytes
  void
strdec_32(void * const out, const u32 v)
{
  u32 vv = v;
  u16 * const ptr = (typeof(ptr))out;
  for (u64 i = 4; i <= 4; i--) { // x5
    ptr[i] = strdec_table[vv % 100].v16;
    vv /= 100u;
  }
}

// output 20 bytes
  void
strdec_64(void * const out, const u64 v)
{
  u64 vv = v;
  u16 * const ptr = (typeof(ptr))out;
  for (u64 i = 9; i <= 9; i--) { // x10
    ptr[i] = strdec_table[vv % 100].v16;
    vv /= 100;
  }
}

static const u8 strhex_table_16[16] = {'0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9','a','b','c','d','e','f'};

#if defined(__x86_64__)
  static inline m128
strhex_helper(const u64 v)
{
  static const u8 mask1[16] = {15,7,14,6,13,5,12,4,11,3,10,2,9,1,8,0};

  const m128 tmp = _mm_set_epi64x((s64)(v>>4), (s64)v); // mm want s64
  const m128 hilo = _mm_and_si128(tmp, _mm_set1_epi8(0xf));
  const m128 bin = _mm_shuffle_epi8(hilo, _mm_load_si128((void *)mask1));
  const m128 str = _mm_shuffle_epi8(_mm_load_si128((const void *)strhex_table_16), bin);
  return str;
}
#elif defined(__aarch64__)
  static inline m128
strhex_helper(const u64 v)
{
  static const u8 mask1[16] = {15,7,14,6,13,5,12,4,11,3,10,2,9,1,8,0};
  u64 v2[2] = {v, v>>4};
  const m128 tmp = vld1q_u8((u8 *)v2);
  const m128 hilo = vandq_u8(tmp, vdupq_n_u8(0xf));
  const m128 bin = vqtbl1q_u8(hilo, vld1q_u8(mask1));
  const m128 str = vqtbl1q_u8(vld1q_u8(strhex_table_16), bin);
  return str;
}
#else
static u16 strhex_table_256[256];

__attribute__((constructor))
  static void
strhex_init(void)
{
  for (u64 i = 0; i < 256; i++)
    strhex_table_256[i] = (((u16)strhex_table_16[i & 0xf]) << 8) | (strhex_table_16[i>>4]);
}
#endif // __x86_64__

// output 8 bytes
  void
strhex_32(void * const out, u32 v)
{
#if defined(__x86_64__)
  const m128 str = strhex_helper((u64)v);
  _mm_storel_epi64(out, _mm_srli_si128(str, 8));
#elif defined(__aarch64__)
  const m128 str = strhex_helper((u64)v);
  vst1q_lane_u64(out, vreinterpretq_u64_u8(str), 1);
#else
  u16 * const ptr = (typeof(ptr))out;
  for (u64 i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
    ptr[3-i] = strhex_table_256[v & 0xff];
    v >>= 8;
  }
#endif
}

// output 16 bytes // buffer must be aligned by 16B
  void
strhex_64(void * const out, u64 v)
{
#if defined(__x86_64__)
  const m128 str = strhex_helper(v);
  _mm_storeu_si128(out, str);
#elif defined(__aarch64__)
  const m128 str = strhex_helper(v);
  vst1q_u8(out, str);
#else
  u16 * const ptr = (typeof(ptr))out;
  for (u64 i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
    ptr[7-i] = strhex_table_256[v & 0xff];
    v >>= 8;
  }
#endif
}

// string to u64
  inline u64
a2u64(const void * const str)
{
  return strtoull(str, NULL, 10);
}

  inline u32
a2u32(const void * const str)
{
  return (u32)strtoull(str, NULL, 10);
}

  inline s64
a2s64(const void * const str)
{
  return strtoll(str, NULL, 10);
}

  inline s32
a2s32(const void * const str)
{
  return (s32)strtoll(str, NULL, 10);
}

  void
str_print_hex(FILE * const out, const void * const data, const u32 len)
{
  const u8 * const ptr = data;
  const u32 strsz = len * 3;
  u8 * const buf = malloc(strsz);
  for (u32 i = 0; i < len; i++) {
    buf[i*3] = ' ';
    buf[i*3+1] = strhex_table_16[ptr[i]>>4];
    buf[i*3+2] = strhex_table_16[ptr[i] & 0xf];
  }
  fwrite(buf, strsz, 1, out);
  free(buf);
}

  void
str_print_dec(FILE * const out, const void * const data, const u32 len)
{
  const u8 * const ptr = data;
  const u32 strsz = len * 4;
  u8 * const buf = malloc(strsz);
  for (u32 i = 0; i < len; i++) {
    const u8 v = ptr[i];
    buf[i*4] = ' ';
    const u8 v1 = v / 100u;
    const u8 v23 = v % 100u;
    buf[i*4+1] = (u8)'0' + v1;
    buf[i*4+2] = (u8)'0' + (v23 / 10u);
    buf[i*4+3] = (u8)'0' + (v23 % 10u);
  }
  fwrite(buf, strsz, 1, out);
  free(buf);
}

// returns a NULL-terminated list of string tokens.
// After use you only need to free the returned pointer (char **).
  char **
strtoks(const char * const str, const char * const delim)
{
  if (str == NULL)
    return NULL;
  size_t nptr_alloc = 32;
  char ** tokens = malloc(sizeof(tokens[0]) * nptr_alloc);
  if (tokens == NULL)
    return NULL;
  const size_t bufsize = strlen(str) + 1;
  char * const buf = malloc(bufsize);
  if (buf == NULL)
    goto fail_buf;

  memcpy(buf, str, bufsize);
  char * saveptr = NULL;
  char * tok = strtok_r(buf, delim, &saveptr);
  size_t ntoks = 0;
  while (tok) {
    if (ntoks >= nptr_alloc) {
      nptr_alloc += 32;
      char ** const r = realloc(tokens, sizeof(tokens[0]) * nptr_alloc);
      if (r == NULL)
        goto fail_realloc;

      tokens = r;
    }
    tokens[ntoks] = tok;
    ntoks++;
    tok = strtok_r(NULL, delim, &saveptr);
  }
  tokens[ntoks] = NULL;
  const size_t nptr = ntoks + 1; // append a NULL
  const size_t rsize = (sizeof(tokens[0]) * nptr) + bufsize;
  char ** const r = realloc(tokens, rsize);
  if (r == NULL)
    goto fail_realloc;

  tokens = r;
  char * const dest = (char *)(&(tokens[nptr]));
  memcpy(dest, buf, bufsize);
  for (u64 i = 0; i < ntoks; i++)
    tokens[i] += (dest - buf);

  free(buf);
  return tokens;

fail_realloc:
  free(buf);
fail_buf:
  free(tokens);
  return NULL;
}

  u32
strtoks_count(const char * const * const toks)
{
  if (!toks)
    return 0;
  u32 n = 0;
  while (toks[n++]);
  return n;
}
// }}} string

// qsbr {{{
#define QSBR_STATES_NR ((23)) // shard capacity; valid values are 3*8-1 == 23; 5*8-1 == 39; 7*8-1 == 55
#define QSBR_SHARD_BITS  ((5)) // 2^n shards
#define QSBR_SHARD_NR    (((1u) << QSBR_SHARD_BITS))
#define QSBR_SHARD_MASK  ((QSBR_SHARD_NR - 1))

struct qsbr_ref_real {
#ifdef QSBR_DEBUG
  pthread_t ptid; // 8
  u32 status; // 4
  u32 nbt; // 4 (number of backtrace frames)
#define QSBR_DEBUG_BTNR ((14))
  void * backtrace[QSBR_DEBUG_BTNR];
#endif
  volatile au64 qstate; // user updates it
  struct qsbr_ref_real * volatile * pptr; // internal only
  struct qsbr_ref_real * park;
};

static_assert(sizeof(struct qsbr_ref) == sizeof(struct qsbr_ref_real), "sizeof qsbr_ref");

// Quiescent-State-Based Reclamation RCU
struct qsbr {
  struct qsbr_ref_real target;
  u64 padding0[5];
  struct qshard {
    au64 bitmap;
    struct qsbr_ref_real * volatile ptrs[QSBR_STATES_NR];
  } shards[QSBR_SHARD_NR];
};

  struct qsbr *
qsbr_create(void)
{
  struct qsbr * const q = yalloc(sizeof(*q));
  memset(q, 0, sizeof(*q));
  return q;
}

  static inline struct qshard *
qsbr_shard(struct qsbr * const q, void * const ptr)
{
  const u32 sid = crc32c_u64(0, (u64)ptr) & QSBR_SHARD_MASK;
  debug_assert(sid < QSBR_SHARD_NR);
  return &(q->shards[sid]);
}

  static inline void
qsbr_write_qstate(struct qsbr_ref_real * const ref, const u64 v)
{
  atomic_store_explicit(&ref->qstate, v, MO_RELAXED);
}

  bool
qsbr_register(struct qsbr * const q, struct qsbr_ref * const qref)
{
  struct qsbr_ref_real * const ref = (typeof(ref))qref;
  struct qshard * const shard = qsbr_shard(q, ref);
  qsbr_write_qstate(ref, 0);

  do {
    u64 bits = atomic_load_explicit(&shard->bitmap, MO_CONSUME);
    const u32 pos = (u32)__builtin_ctzl(~bits);
    if (unlikely(pos >= QSBR_STATES_NR))
      return false;

    const u64 bits1 = bits | (1lu << pos);
    if (atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit(&shard->bitmap, &bits, bits1, MO_ACQUIRE, MO_RELAXED)) {
      shard->ptrs[pos] = ref;

      ref->pptr = &(shard->ptrs[pos]);
      ref->park = &q->target;
#ifdef QSBR_DEBUG
      ref->ptid = (u64)pthread_self();
      ref->tid = 0;
      ref->status = 1;
      ref->nbt = backtrace(ref->backtrace, QSBR_DEBUG_BTNR);
#endif
      return true;
    }
  } while (true);
}

  void
qsbr_unregister(struct qsbr * const q, struct qsbr_ref * const qref)
{
  struct qsbr_ref_real * const ref = (typeof(ref))qref;
  struct qshard * const shard = qsbr_shard(q, ref);
  const u32 pos = (u32)(ref->pptr - shard->ptrs);
  debug_assert(pos < QSBR_STATES_NR);
  debug_assert(shard->bitmap & (1lu << pos));

  shard->ptrs[pos] = &q->target;
  (void)atomic_fetch_and_explicit(&shard->bitmap, ~(1lu << pos), MO_RELEASE);
#ifdef QSBR_DEBUG
  ref->tid = 0;
  ref->ptid = 0;
  ref->status = 0xffff; // unregistered
  ref->nbt = 0;
#endif
  ref->pptr = NULL;
  // wait for qsbr_wait to leave if it's working on the shard
  while (atomic_load_explicit(&shard->bitmap, MO_CONSUME) >> 63)
    cpu_pause();
}

  inline void
qsbr_update(struct qsbr_ref * const qref, const u64 v)
{
  struct qsbr_ref_real * const ref = (typeof(ref))qref;
  debug_assert((*ref->pptr) == ref); // must be unparked
  // rcu update does not require release or acquire order
  qsbr_write_qstate(ref, v);
}

  inline void
qsbr_park(struct qsbr_ref * const qref)
{
  cpu_cfence();
  struct qsbr_ref_real * const ref = (typeof(ref))qref;
  *ref->pptr = ref->park;
#ifdef QSBR_DEBUG
  ref->status = 0xfff; // parked
#endif
}

  inline void
qsbr_resume(struct qsbr_ref * const qref)
{
  struct qsbr_ref_real * const ref = (typeof(ref))qref;
  *ref->pptr = ref;
#ifdef QSBR_DEBUG
  ref->status = 0xf; // resumed
#endif
  cpu_cfence();
}

// waiters needs external synchronization
  void
qsbr_wait(struct qsbr * const q, const u64 target)
{
  cpu_cfence();
  qsbr_write_qstate(&q->target, target);
  u64 cbits = 0; // check-bits; each bit corresponds to a shard
  u64 bms[QSBR_SHARD_NR]; // copy of all bitmap
  // take an unsafe snapshot of active users
  for (u32 i = 0; i < QSBR_SHARD_NR; i++) {
    bms[i] = atomic_load_explicit(&q->shards[i].bitmap, MO_CONSUME);
    if (bms[i])
      cbits |= (1lu << i); // set to 1 if [i] has ptrs
  }

  while (cbits) {
    for (u64 ctmp = cbits; ctmp; ctmp &= (ctmp - 1)) {
      // shard id
      const u32 i = (u32)__builtin_ctzl(ctmp);
      struct qshard * const shard = &(q->shards[i]);
      const u64 bits1 = atomic_fetch_or_explicit(&(shard->bitmap), 1lu << 63, MO_ACQUIRE);
      for (u64 bits = bms[i]; bits; bits &= (bits - 1)) {
        const u64 bit = bits & -bits; // extract lowest bit
        if (((bits1 & bit) == 0) ||
            (atomic_load_explicit(&(shard->ptrs[__builtin_ctzl(bit)]->qstate), MO_CONSUME) == target))
          bms[i] &= ~bit;
      }
      (void)atomic_fetch_and_explicit(&(shard->bitmap), ~(1lu << 63), MO_RELEASE);
      if (bms[i] == 0)
        cbits &= ~(1lu << i);
    }
#if defined(CORR)
    corr_yield();
#endif
  }
  debug_assert(cbits == 0);
  cpu_cfence();
}

  void
qsbr_destroy(struct qsbr * const q)
{
  if (q)
    free(q);
}
#undef QSBR_STATES_NR
#undef QSBR_BITMAP_NR
// }}} qsbr

// vim:fdm=marker