diff --git a/__tests__/unit/api/v1-pay-l402.test.ts b/__tests__/unit/api/v1-pay-l402.test.ts
index 94dbfe956..dd3a0d7a5 100644
--- a/__tests__/unit/api/v1-pay-l402.test.ts
+++ b/__tests__/unit/api/v1-pay-l402.test.ts
@@ -64,10 +64,12 @@ jest.mock('@/domain/payments/l402', () => ({
 jest.mock('@/lib/supabase/public', () => ({ createPublicClient: () => ({ _kind: 'public' }) }));
 jest.mock('@/lib/rate-limit', () => ({
   rateLimitWriteAsync: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({ success: true }),
+  rateLimitPaymentRecipient: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({ success: true }),
   retryAfterSeconds: () => 1,
 }));
 
 import { GET } from '@/app/api/v1/pay/[entity_type]/[entity_id]/route';
+import { rateLimitPaymentRecipient } from '@/lib/rate-limit';
 
 const ENTITY_ID = '11111111-2222-3333-4444-555555555555';
 const params = Promise.resolve({ entity_type: 'product', entity_id: ENTITY_ID });
@@ -225,3 +227,26 @@ describe('GET /api/v1/pay/{type}/{id}', () => {
     expect(body.error.message).toContain('has not connected a Bitcoin wallet');
   });
 });
+
+/**
+ * Finding 1 of bitbaum/orangecat#563: every challenge mints a REAL invoice
+ * through the recipient's own LNURL/NWC relay. A per-IP limit does not protect
+ * the seller from an attacker who rotates addresses — the victim's wallet
+ * provider is what gets hammered, and it is the victim who gets banned.
+ */
+describe('per-recipient invoice-spam limit', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    (rateLimitPaymentRecipient as jest.Mock).mockResolvedValue({ success: true });
+  });
+
+  it('keys the limit on the recipient, not only the caller', async () => {
+    await GET(makeRequest('https://x.test/api/v1/pay/product/' + ENTITY_ID), { params });
+    expect(rateLimitPaymentRecipient).toHaveBeenCalledWith('product', ENTITY_ID);
+  });
+
+  it('refuses with 429 when that recipient is already being hammered', async () => {
+    (rateLimitPaymentRecipient as jest.Mock).mockResolvedValue({ success: false });
+    const res = await GET(makeRequest('https://x.test/api/v1/pay/product/' + ENTITY_ID), { params });
+    expect(res.status).toBe(429);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/__tests__/unit/api/v1-payments.test.ts b/__tests__/unit/api/v1-payments.test.ts
index 63b908037..83c198c42 100644
--- a/__tests__/unit/api/v1-payments.test.ts
+++ b/__tests__/unit/api/v1-payments.test.ts
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ jest.mock('@/domain/payments', () => ({
 
 jest.mock('@/lib/rate-limit', () => ({
   rateLimitWriteAsync: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({ success: true }),
+  rateLimitPaymentRecipient: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({ success: true }),
   rateLimitIntegrationKeyWrite: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({ success: true }),
   rateLimitIntegrationKeyRead: jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({ success: true }),
   retryAfterSeconds: jest.fn().mockReturnValue(30),
diff --git a/src/app/api/v1/pay/[entity_type]/[entity_id]/route.ts b/src/app/api/v1/pay/[entity_type]/[entity_id]/route.ts
index fca51cfaa..8253ff519 100644
--- a/src/app/api/v1/pay/[entity_type]/[entity_id]/route.ts
+++ b/src/app/api/v1/pay/[entity_type]/[entity_id]/route.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import { createL402Challenge, verifyL402Payment } from '@/domain/payments/l402';
 import { parseL402Authorization } from '@/domain/payments/l402-codec';
 import { publicSupportCreateSchema } from '@/lib/validation/finance';
 import { createPublicClient } from '@/lib/supabase/public';
-import { rateLimitWriteAsync, retryAfterSeconds } from '@/lib/rate-limit';
+import { rateLimitPaymentRecipient, rateLimitWriteAsync, retryAfterSeconds } from '@/lib/rate-limit';
 import { logger } from '@/utils/logger';
 import { clientIpKey } from '@/lib/client-ip';
 
@@ -86,6 +86,18 @@ export async function GET(
     );
   }
 
+  // Per-IP is not enough here. Every challenge mints a REAL invoice through the
+  // recipient's own LNURL/NWC relay, so an attacker rotating IPs can still get
+  // a seller rate-limited or banned by their wallet provider. This bounds the
+  // damage to one recipient however many addresses it arrives from.
+  const recipientLimit = await rateLimitPaymentRecipient(entity_type, entity_id);
+  if (!recipientLimit.success) {
+    return apiRateLimited(
+      'This page is receiving too many payment requests right now. Try again shortly.',
+      retryAfterSeconds(recipientLimit)
+    );
+  }
+
   const url = new URL(request.url);
   const parsed = publicSupportCreateSchema.safeParse({
     entity_type,
diff --git a/src/app/api/v1/payments/public/route.ts b/src/app/api/v1/payments/public/route.ts
index f687a52f7..5dcbca334 100644
--- a/src/app/api/v1/payments/public/route.ts
+++ b/src/app/api/v1/payments/public/route.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import {
 import { initiatePublicSupport } from '@/domain/payments';
 import { publicSupportCreateSchema } from '@/lib/validation/finance';
 import { createPublicClient } from '@/lib/supabase/public';
-import { rateLimitWriteAsync, retryAfterSeconds } from '@/lib/rate-limit';
+import { rateLimitPaymentRecipient, rateLimitWriteAsync, retryAfterSeconds } from '@/lib/rate-limit';
 import { logger } from '@/utils/logger';
 import { clientIpKey } from '@/lib/client-ip';
 
@@ -30,6 +30,21 @@ export async function POST(request: Request) {
       return apiBadRequest('Invalid support request', parsed.error.errors);
     }
 
+    // After parsing, because the recipient is in the body — and BEFORE
+    // initiatePublicSupport, which is the call that mints a real invoice
+    // through the recipient's wallet. Per-IP alone leaves a seller exposed to
+    // an attacker who rotates addresses.
+    const recipientLimit = await rateLimitPaymentRecipient(
+      parsed.data.entity_type,
+      parsed.data.entity_id
+    );
+    if (!recipientLimit.success) {
+      return apiRateLimited(
+        'This page is receiving too many payment requests right now. Please try again shortly.',
+        retryAfterSeconds(recipientLimit)
+      );
+    }
+
     const result = await initiatePublicSupport(createPublicClient(), parsed.data);
     return apiSuccess(result, { status: 201, cache: 'NONE' });
   } catch (error) {
diff --git a/src/lib/rate-limit.ts b/src/lib/rate-limit.ts
index b105d33d9..872f7d9a2 100644
--- a/src/lib/rate-limit.ts
+++ b/src/lib/rate-limit.ts
@@ -247,6 +247,34 @@ export async function rateLimitTipRecipient(username: string): Promise<RateLimit
   return fallbackTipRecipientLimiter.check(key);
 }
 
+/**
+ * Rate limit invoice generation PER RECIPIENT for an entity-addressed payment.
+ *
+ * The per-IP limiter answers "is one caller hammering us". This answers the
+ * question that actually protects a seller: "is one RECIPIENT's wallet being
+ * hammered", however many IPs it arrives from. Both `GET /api/v1/pay/...` and
+ * `POST /api/v1/payments/public` mint a REAL Lightning invoice through the
+ * recipient's own LNURL/NWC relay on every request, so unbounded calls are how
+ * an attacker gets a seller rate-limited or banned by their wallet provider and
+ * litters their queue with orphan intents. bitbaum/orangecat#563 finding 1.
+ *
+ * Shares the tip limiter's budget and window deliberately — it is the same
+ * victim's wallet being protected either way.
+ *
+ * Residual, stated rather than hidden: a profile reachable BOTH by username
+ * (tips/lnurlp) and by entity id (here) has two buckets, so a determined
+ * attacker splitting across both paths gets twice the budget. Collapsing them
+ * would mean a username→entity lookup on the rate-limit path, i.e. a database
+ * round trip before we have decided whether to serve the request at all. Twice
+ * a bounded number is still bounded; unbounded was the bug.
+ */
+export async function rateLimitPaymentRecipient(
+  entityType: string,
+  entityId: string
+): Promise<RateLimitResult> {
+  return rateLimitTipRecipient(`${entityType}:${entityId}`);
+}
+
 /**
  * Rate limit public Ask-Cat / feedback submissions per IP.
  * 8 per 5 minutes — each one is a platform LLM call from a possibly anonymous