V48 (implementation-only): Remove leftover stage-card JSX after extract #1342

Job	Run time
Lint, Type-Check & Build	23s
Validate GitHub Actions workflows	18s
CodeQL Analysis	-1s
Super Linter (misc files)	-1s
E2E, Visual & DB Tests	-1s
Unit & Integration Tests (mocks)	-1s
	37s

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