Unit-5: Python Packages and GUI Programming

1. Python Packages

What are Packages?

Collection of modules organized in directories
Provide reusable code for common tasks
Installed using pip (Python Package Installer)

Installing Packages

pip install package_name
pip install numpy
pip install pandas matplotlib

Importing Packages

import numpy
import numpy as np  # with alias
from numpy import array  # specific function

2. NumPy Package

Introduction

Numerical Python - fundamental package for scientific computing
Provides powerful N-dimensional array objects
Mathematical functions for arrays
Linear algebra, Fourier transforms, random numbers

Installation

pip install numpy

NumPy Arrays

Creating Arrays

import numpy as np

# From list
arr1 = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
print(arr1)

# 2D array
arr2 = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
print(arr2)

# Array of zeros
zeros = np.zeros((3, 4))
print(zeros)

# Array of ones
ones = np.ones((2, 3))
print(ones)

# Range array
range_arr = np.arange(0, 10, 2)  # start, stop, step
print(range_arr)

# Linearly spaced
linear = np.linspace(0, 1, 5)  # 5 values from 0 to 1
print(linear)

Output:

[1 2 3 4 5]
[[1 2 3]
 [4 5 6]]
[[0. 0. 0. 0.]
 [0. 0. 0. 0.]
 [0. 0. 0. 0.]]
[[1. 1. 1.]
 [1. 1. 1.]]
[0 2 4 6 8]
[0.   0.25 0.5  0.75 1.  ]

Array Attributes

import numpy as np

arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8]])

print(f"Shape: {arr.shape}")      # (2, 4)
print(f"Size: {arr.size}")        # 8
print(f"Dimensions: {arr.ndim}")  # 2
print(f"Data type: {arr.dtype}")  # int32/int64

Output:

Shape: (2, 4)
Size: 8
Dimensions: 2
Data type: int64

Array Operations

import numpy as np

arr1 = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
arr2 = np.array([5, 6, 7, 8])

# Arithmetic operations
print("Addition:", arr1 + arr2)
print("Subtraction:", arr1 - arr2)
print("Multiplication:", arr1 * arr2)
print("Division:", arr1 / arr2)
print("Power:", arr1 ** 2)

# Scalar operations
print("Add 10:", arr1 + 10)
print("Multiply by 2:", arr1 * 2)

Output:

Addition: [ 6  8 10 12]
Subtraction: [-4 -4 -4 -4]
Multiplication: [ 5 12 21 32]
Division: [0.2        0.33333333 0.42857143 0.5       ]
Power: [ 1  4  9 16]
Add 10: [11 12 13 14]
Multiply by 2: [2 4 6 8]

Array Indexing and Slicing

import numpy as np

arr = np.array([10, 20, 30, 40, 50])

# Indexing
print(arr[0])    # 10
print(arr[-1])   # 50

# Slicing
print(arr[1:4])  # [20 30 40]
print(arr[::2])  # [10 30 50]

# 2D array
arr2d = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]])
print(arr2d[1, 2])     # 6
print(arr2d[0:2, 1:])  # [[2 3] [5 6]]

Mathematical Functions

import numpy as np

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

print("Sum:", np.sum(arr))          # 15
print("Mean:", np.mean(arr))        # 3.0
print("Median:", np.median(arr))    # 3.0
print("Std Dev:", np.std(arr))      # 1.414...
print("Min:", np.min(arr))          # 1
print("Max:", np.max(arr))          # 5
print("Sqrt:", np.sqrt(arr))

Output:

Sum: 15
Mean: 3.0
Median: 3.0
Std Dev: 1.4142135623730951
Min: 1
Max: 5
Sqrt: [1.         1.41421356 1.73205081 2.         2.23606798]

Example: Grade Analysis

import numpy as np

# Student marks in 5 subjects
marks = np.array([85, 92, 78, 95, 88])

print(f"Marks: {marks}")
print(f"Total: {np.sum(marks)}")
print(f"Average: {np.mean(marks):.2f}")
print(f"Highest: {np.max(marks)}")
print(f"Lowest: {np.min(marks)}")
print(f"Passed subjects (>80): {np.sum(marks > 80)}")

Output:

Marks: [85 92 78 95 88]
Total: 438
Average: 87.60
Highest: 95
Lowest: 78
Passed subjects (>80): 4

3. Pandas Package

Introduction

Data manipulation and analysis library
Works with DataFrames (table-like structure)
Read/write various file formats (CSV, Excel, SQL)
Data cleaning, transformation, aggregation

Installation

pip install pandas

Pandas Series

import pandas as pd

# Create series
s = pd.Series([10, 20, 30, 40, 50])
print(s)

# With custom index
s2 = pd.Series([10, 20, 30], index=['a', 'b', 'c'])
print(s2)
print(s2['b'])  # 20

Output:

0    10
1    20
2    30
3    40
4    50
dtype: int64

a    10
b    20
c    30
dtype: int64
20

Pandas DataFrame

Creating DataFrame

import pandas as pd

# From dictionary
data = {
    'Name': ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Charlie'],
    'Age': [20, 22, 21],
    'Grade': ['A', 'B', 'A']
}

df = pd.DataFrame(data)
print(df)

Output:

      Name  Age Grade
0    Alice   20     A
1      Bob   22     B
2  Charlie   21     A

Reading CSV Files

import pandas as pd

# Read CSV
df = pd.read_csv('students.csv')
print(df)

# Display first 5 rows
print(df.head())

# Display last 5 rows
print(df.tail())

# Display info
print(df.info())

# Display statistics
print(df.describe())

DataFrame Operations

import pandas as pd

data = {
    'Name': ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Charlie', 'David'],
    'Age': [20, 22, 21, 23],
    'Grade': ['A', 'B', 'A', 'C'],
    'Marks': [85, 72, 90, 68]
}

df = pd.DataFrame(data)

# Select column
print(df['Name'])
print(df[['Name', 'Age']])

# Filter rows
print(df[df['Marks'] > 80])

# Sort
print(df.sort_values('Marks', ascending=False))

# Add new column
df['Pass'] = df['Marks'] > 70
print(df)

Output:

0      Alice
1        Bob
2    Charlie
3      David
Name: Name, dtype: object

      Name  Age
0    Alice   20
1      Bob   22
2  Charlie   21
3    David   23

      Name  Age Grade  Marks
0    Alice   20     A     85
2  Charlie   21     A     90

      Name  Age Grade  Marks
2  Charlie   21     A     90
0    Alice   20     A     85
1      Bob   22     B     72
3    David   23     C     68

      Name  Age Grade  Marks   Pass
0    Alice   20     A     85   True
1      Bob   22     B     72   True
2  Charlie   21     A     90   True
3    David   23     C     68  False

Grouping and Aggregation

import pandas as pd

data = {
    'Name': ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Charlie', 'David', 'Eve'],
    'Department': ['CS', 'IT', 'CS', 'IT', 'CS'],
    'Marks': [85, 72, 90, 68, 88]
}

df = pd.DataFrame(data)

# Group by department
grouped = df.groupby('Department')

# Calculate mean marks by department
print(grouped['Marks'].mean())

# Count students by department
print(grouped.size())

Output:

Department
CS    87.666667
IT    70.000000
Name: Marks, dtype: float64

Department
CS    3
IT    2
dtype: int64

Example: Sales Data Analysis

import pandas as pd

# Sales data
sales = {
    'Product': ['Laptop', 'Mouse', 'Keyboard', 'Monitor', 'Laptop', 'Mouse'],
    'Quantity': [2, 5, 3, 1, 1, 8],
    'Price': [50000, 500, 1500, 15000, 50000, 500]
}

df = pd.DataFrame(sales)
df['Total'] = df['Quantity'] * df['Price']

print(df)
print(f"\nTotal Sales: ₹{df['Total'].sum()}")
print(f"\nSales by Product:")
print(df.groupby('Product')['Total'].sum())

Output:

    Product  Quantity  Price   Total
0    Laptop         2  50000  100000
1     Mouse         5    500    2500
2  Keyboard         3   1500    4500
3   Monitor         1  15000   15000
4    Laptop         1  50000   50000
5     Mouse         8    500    4000

Total Sales: ₹176000

Sales by Product:
Product
Keyboard      4500
Laptop      150000
Monitor      15000
Mouse         6500
Name: Total, dtype: int64

4. Matplotlib Package

Introduction

Data visualization library
Create plots, charts, graphs
Supports various plot types (line, bar, scatter, pie, histogram)

Installation

pip install matplotlib

Line Plot

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Data
x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
y = [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

# Plot
plt.plot(x, y)
plt.xlabel('X-axis')
plt.ylabel('Y-axis')
plt.title('Simple Line Plot')
plt.grid(True)
plt.show()

Multiple Lines

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
y1 = [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
y2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

plt.plot(x, y1, label='Quadratic', color='red', marker='o')
plt.plot(x, y2, label='Linear', color='blue', marker='s')

plt.xlabel('X-axis')
plt.ylabel('Y-axis')
plt.title('Multiple Lines')
plt.legend()
plt.grid(True)
plt.show()

Bar Chart

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Data
categories = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']
values = [25, 40, 30, 55]

# Bar chart
plt.bar(categories, values, color='skyblue')
plt.xlabel('Categories')
plt.ylabel('Values')
plt.title('Bar Chart')
plt.show()

Horizontal Bar Chart

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

subjects = ['Math', 'Physics', 'Chemistry', 'English']
marks = [85, 92, 78, 88]

plt.barh(subjects, marks, color='coral')
plt.xlabel('Marks')
plt.ylabel('Subjects')
plt.title('Student Marks')
plt.show()

Scatter Plot

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Data
x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
y = [2, 4, 5, 7, 6, 8, 9, 11, 10, 12]

# Scatter plot
plt.scatter(x, y, color='green', marker='*', s=100)
plt.xlabel('X')
plt.ylabel('Y')
plt.title('Scatter Plot')
plt.grid(True)
plt.show()

Pie Chart

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Data
languages = ['Python', 'Java', 'JavaScript', 'C++']
popularity = [40, 25, 20, 15]

# Pie chart
plt.pie(popularity, labels=languages, autopct='%1.1f%%', startangle=90)
plt.title('Programming Language Popularity')
plt.show()

Histogram

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Data - student marks
marks = [45, 67, 89, 56, 78, 90, 65, 54, 88, 92, 
         73, 68, 85, 91, 77, 62, 58, 95, 87, 71]

# Histogram
plt.hist(marks, bins=5, color='purple', edgecolor='black')
plt.xlabel('Marks Range')
plt.ylabel('Frequency')
plt.title('Distribution of Student Marks')
plt.show()

Subplots

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

x = np.linspace(0, 10, 100)

# Create 2x2 subplots
fig, axes = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(10, 8))

# Plot 1: Line
axes[0, 0].plot(x, np.sin(x))
axes[0, 0].set_title('Sine Wave')

# Plot 2: Cosine
axes[0, 1].plot(x, np.cos(x), 'r')
axes[0, 1].set_title('Cosine Wave')

# Plot 3: Exponential
axes[1, 0].plot(x, np.exp(x/10), 'g')
axes[1, 0].set_title('Exponential')

# Plot 4: Log
axes[1, 1].plot(x[1:], np.log(x[1:]), 'm')
axes[1, 1].set_title('Logarithm')

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

Example: Sales Visualization

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

months = ['Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May', 'Jun']
sales = [15000, 18000, 22000, 19000, 25000, 28000]

# Create figure with subplots
fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 5))

# Line plot
ax1.plot(months, sales, marker='o', color='blue', linewidth=2)
ax1.set_xlabel('Months')
ax1.set_ylabel('Sales (₹)')
ax1.set_title('Monthly Sales Trend')
ax1.grid(True)

# Bar plot
ax2.bar(months, sales, color='green')
ax2.set_xlabel('Months')
ax2.set_ylabel('Sales (₹)')
ax2.set_title('Monthly Sales Comparison')

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

5. Integrated Example: Data Analysis Pipeline

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Step 1: Generate sample data
np.random.seed(42)
students = 50
marks = np.random.randint(40, 100, students)

# Step 2: Create DataFrame
df = pd.DataFrame({
    'Student_ID': range(1, students + 1),
    'Marks': marks
})

# Add grade column
def get_grade(mark):
    if mark >= 90:
        return 'A+'
    elif mark >= 80:
        return 'A'
    elif mark >= 70:
        return 'B'
    elif mark >= 60:
        return 'C'
    else:
        return 'F'

df['Grade'] = df['Marks'].apply(get_grade)

# Step 3: Analysis
print("Statistical Summary:")
print(df['Marks'].describe())
print(f"\nTotal Students: {len(df)}")
print(f"Average Marks: {df['Marks'].mean():.2f}")
print(f"Highest Marks: {df['Marks'].max()}")
print(f"Lowest Marks: {df['Marks'].min()}")

print("\nGrade Distribution:")
print(df['Grade'].value_counts())

# Step 4: Visualization
fig, axes = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(12, 10))

# Histogram
axes[0, 0].hist(df['Marks'], bins=10, color='skyblue', edgecolor='black')
axes[0, 0].set_xlabel('Marks')
axes[0, 0].set_ylabel('Frequency')
axes[0, 0].set_title('Distribution of Marks')
axes[0, 0].grid(True, alpha=0.3)

# Box plot
axes[0, 1].boxplot(df['Marks'])
axes[0, 1].set_ylabel('Marks')
axes[0, 1].set_title('Box Plot of Marks')
axes[0, 1].grid(True, alpha=0.3)

# Grade distribution - Bar
grade_counts = df['Grade'].value_counts()
axes[1, 0].bar(grade_counts.index, grade_counts.values, color='coral')
axes[1, 0].set_xlabel('Grade')
axes[1, 0].set_ylabel('Number of Students')
axes[1, 0].set_title('Grade Distribution')

# Grade distribution - Pie
axes[1, 1].pie(grade_counts.values, labels=grade_counts.index, 
               autopct='%1.1f%%', startangle=90)
axes[1, 1].set_title('Grade Distribution (%)')

plt.tight_layout()
plt.savefig('analysis_report.png')
plt.show()

# Step 5: Save report
df.to_csv('student_report.csv', index=False)
print("\nReport saved to 'student_report.csv'")

Output:

Statistical Summary:
count    50.000000
mean     69.340000
std      16.582644
min      40.000000
25%      57.250000
50%      69.500000
75%      83.750000
max      99.000000
Name: Marks, dtype: float64

Total Students: 50
Average Marks: 69.34
Highest Marks: 99
Lowest Marks: 40

Grade Distribution:
B     16
C     13
A     10
F      6
A+     5
Name: Grade, dtype: int64

Report saved to 'student_report.csv'

6. GUI Programming with Tkinter

Introduction to Tkinter

Standard GUI library for Python
Built-in (no installation needed)
Cross-platform (Windows, Mac, Linux)
Event-driven programming

First Tkinter Program

import tkinter as tk

# Create main window
root = tk.Tk()
root.title("My First GUI")
root.geometry("400x300")

# Add label
label = tk.Label(root, text="Hello, Tkinter!", font=("Arial", 16))
label.pack(pady=20)

# Run application
root.mainloop()

Tkinter Widgets

Label Widget

import tkinter as tk

root = tk.Tk()
root.title("Label Example")

# Simple label
label1 = tk.Label(root, text="Simple Label")
label1.pack()

# Styled label
label2 = tk.Label(root, 
                  text="Styled Label",
                  font=("Arial", 14, "bold"),
                  fg="blue",
                  bg="yellow")
label2.pack(pady=10)

root.mainloop()

Button Widget

import tkinter as tk

def button_click():
    label.config(text="Button Clicked!")

root = tk.Tk()
root.title("Button Example")

label = tk.Label(root, text="Click the button")
label.pack(pady=10)

button = tk.Button(root, 
                   text="Click Me",
                   command=button_click,
                   font=("Arial", 12),
                   bg="green",
                   fg="white")
button.pack(pady=10)

root.mainloop()

Entry Widget (Text Input)

import tkinter as tk

def show_input():
    text = entry.get()
    label.config(text=f"You entered: {text}")

root = tk.Tk()
root.title("Entry Example")

label = tk.Label(root, text="Enter your name:")
label.pack(pady=10)

entry = tk.Entry(root, width=30)
entry.pack(pady=5)

button = tk.Button(root, text="Submit", command=show_input)
button.pack(pady=10)

label = tk.Label(root, text="")
label.pack()

root.mainloop()

Text Widget (Multi-line)

import tkinter as tk

def get_text():
    content = text.get("1.0", "end-1c")
    print(content)

root = tk.Tk()
root.title("Text Widget")

text = tk.Text(root, width=40, height=10)
text.pack(pady=10)

button = tk.Button(root, text="Get Text", command=get_text)
button.pack()

root.mainloop()

Checkbutton Widget

import tkinter as tk

def show_choices():
    result = []
    if var1.get():
        result.append("Python")
    if var2.get():
        result.append("Java")
    if var3.get():
        result.append("C++")
    
    label.config(text=f"Selected: {', '.join(result)}")

root = tk.Tk()
root.title("Checkbutton Example")

tk.Label(root, text="Select languages:").pack()

var1 = tk.BooleanVar()
var2 = tk.BooleanVar()
var3 = tk.BooleanVar()

tk.Checkbutton(root, text="Python", variable=var1).pack()
tk.Checkbutton(root, text="Java", variable=var2).pack()
tk.Checkbutton(root, text="C++", variable=var3).pack()

tk.Button(root, text="Show Selection", command=show_choices).pack(pady=10)

label = tk.Label(root, text="")
label.pack()

root.mainloop()

Radiobutton Widget

import tkinter as tk

def show_choice():
    label.config(text=f"Selected: {var.get()}")

root = tk.Tk()
root.title("Radiobutton Example")

tk.Label(root, text="Select your favorite:").pack()

var = tk.StringVar()
var.set("Python")  # default value

tk.Radiobutton(root, text="Python", variable=var, value="Python").pack()
tk.Radiobutton(root, text="Java", variable=var, value="Java").pack()
tk.Radiobutton(root, text="C++", variable=var, value="C++").pack()

tk.Button(root, text="Show Selection", command=show_choice).pack(pady=10)

label = tk.Label(root, text="")
label.pack()

root.mainloop()

Listbox Widget

import tkinter as tk

def show_selection():
    selection = listbox.curselection()
    if selection:
        item = listbox.get(selection[0])
        label.config(text=f"Selected: {item}")

root = tk.Tk()
root.title("Listbox Example")

listbox = tk.Listbox(root, height=5)
listbox.pack(pady=10)

items = ["Apple", "Banana", "Cherry", "Date", "Elderberry"]
for item in items:
    listbox.insert(tk.END, item)

tk.Button(root, text="Show Selection", command=show_selection).pack()

label = tk.Label(root, text="")
label.pack()

root.mainloop()

Combobox (Dropdown)

import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import ttk

def show_selection():
    label.config(text=f"Selected: {combo.get()}")

root = tk.Tk()
root.title("Combobox Example")

tk.Label(root, text="Select country:").pack(pady=10)

combo = ttk.Combobox(root, values=["India", "USA", "UK", "Canada"])
combo.pack()
combo.current(0)  # Set default selection

tk.Button(root, text="Show Selection", command=show_selection).pack(pady=10)

label = tk.Label(root, text="")
label.pack()

root.mainloop()

Layout Management

pack() Method

import tkinter as tk

root = tk.Tk()

tk.Label(root, text="Top", bg="red").pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
tk.Label(root, text="Bottom", bg="green").pack(side=tk.BOTTOM, fill=tk.X)
tk.Label(root, text="Left", bg="yellow").pack(side=tk.LEFT, fill=tk.Y)
tk.Label(root, text="Right", bg="blue").pack(side=tk.RIGHT, fill=tk.Y)

root.mainloop()

grid() Method

import tkinter as tk

root = tk.Tk()
root.title("Grid Layout")

tk.Label(root, text="Name:").grid(row=0, column=0, padx=10, pady=5)
tk.Entry(root).grid(row=0, column=1, padx=10, pady=5)

tk.Label(root, text="Email:").grid(row=1, column=0, padx=10, pady=5)
tk.Entry(root).grid(row=1, column=1, padx=10, pady=5)

tk.Button(root, text="Submit").grid(row=2, column=0, columnspan=2, pady=10)

root.mainloop()

place() Method

import tkinter as tk

root = tk.Tk()
root.geometry("400x300")

tk.Label(root, text="Absolute Position", bg="yellow").place(x=50, y=50)
tk.Button(root, text="Button").place(x=150, y=100)

root.mainloop()

Complete GUI Examples

Example 1: Simple Calculator

import tkinter as tk

def calculate():
    try:
        result = eval(entry.get())
        label_result.config(text=f"Result: {result}")
    except:
        label_result.config(text="Error: Invalid expression")

root = tk.Tk()
root.title("Simple Calculator")
root.geometry("300x200")

tk.Label(root, text="Enter expression:", font=("Arial", 12)).pack(pady=10)

entry = tk.Entry(root, width=30, font=("Arial", 12))
entry.pack(pady=5)

tk.Button(root, text="Calculate", command=calculate, 
          font=("Arial", 12), bg="green", fg="white").pack(pady=10)

label_result = tk.Label(root, text="", font=("Arial", 12, "bold"))
label_result.pack(pady=10)

root.mainloop()

Example 2: Temperature Converter

import tkinter as tk

def celsius_to_fahrenheit():
    try:
        celsius = float(entry_celsius.get())
        fahrenheit = (celsius * 9/5) + 32
        entry_fahrenheit.delete(0, tk.END)
        entry_fahrenheit.insert(0, f"{fahrenheit:.2f}")
    except:
        entry_fahrenheit.delete(0, tk.END)
        entry_fahrenheit.insert(0, "Error")

def fahrenheit_to_celsius():
    try:
        fahrenheit = float(entry_fahrenheit.get())
        celsius = (fahrenheit - 32) * 5/9
        entry_celsius.delete(0, tk.END)
        entry_celsius.insert(0, f"{celsius:.2f}")
    except:
        entry_celsius.delete(0, tk.END)
        entry_celsius.insert(0, "Error")

root = tk.Tk()
root.title("Temperature Converter")
root.geometry("300x200")

tk.Label(root, text="Celsius:").grid(row=0, column=0, padx=10, pady=10)
entry_celsius = tk.Entry(root)
entry_celsius.grid(row=0, column=1, padx=10, pady=10)

tk.Label(root, text="Fahrenheit:").grid(row=1, column=0, padx=10, pady=10)
entry_fahrenheit = tk.Entry(root)
entry_fahrenheit.grid(row=1, column=1, padx=10, pady=10)

tk.Button(root, text="C → F", command=celsius_to_fahrenheit).grid(row=2, column=0, pady=10)
tk.Button(root, text="F → C", command=fahrenheit_to_celsius).grid(row=2, column=1, pady=10)

root.mainloop()

Example 3: Login Form

import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import messagebox

def login():
    username = entry_username.get()
    password = entry_password.get()
    
    if username == "admin" and password == "1234":
        messagebox.showinfo("Success", "Login Successful!")
    else:
        messagebox.showerror("Error", "Invalid credentials!")

root = tk.Tk()
root.title("Login Form")
root.geometry("300x200")

tk.Label(root, text="Username:", font=("Arial", 12)).grid(row=0, column=0, padx=10, pady=10)
entry_username = tk.Entry(root, font=("Arial", 12))
entry_username.grid(row=0, column=1, padx=10, pady=10)

tk.Label(root, text="Password:", font=("Arial", 12)).grid(row=1, column=0, padx=10, pady=10)
entry_password = tk.Entry(root, show="*", font=("Arial", 12))
entry_password.grid(row=1, column=1, padx=10, pady=10)

tk.Button(root, text="Login", command=login, 
          font=("Arial", 12), bg="blue", fg="white").grid(row=2, column=0, columnspan=2, pady=20)

root.mainloop()

Example 4: To-Do List

import tkinter as tk

def add_task():
    task = entry.get()
    if task:
        listbox.insert(tk.END, task)
        entry.delete(0, tk.END)

def delete_task():
    try:
        selection = listbox.curselection()
        listbox.delete(selection)
    except:
        pass

def clear_all():
    listbox.delete(0, tk.END)

root = tk.Tk()
root.title("To-Do List")
root.geometry("400x400")

tk.Label(root, text="To-Do List", font=("Arial", 16, "bold")).pack(pady=10)

frame_input = tk.Frame(root)
frame_input.pack(pady=10)

entry = tk.Entry(frame_input, width=30, font=("Arial", 12))
entry.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=5)

tk.Button(frame_input, text="Add", command=add_task, bg="green", fg="white").pack(side=tk.LEFT)

listbox = tk.Listbox(root, width=40, height=10, font=("Arial", 11))
listbox.pack(pady=10)

frame_buttons = tk.Frame(root)
frame_buttons.pack(pady=10)

tk.Button(frame_buttons, text="Delete Selected", command=delete_task, 
          bg="red", fg="white").pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=5)
tk.Button(frame_buttons, text="Clear All", command=clear_all, 
          bg="orange", fg="white").pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=5)

root.mainloop()

Example 5: Student Registration Form

import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import messagebox

def submit():
    name = entry_name.get()
    roll = entry_roll.get()
    age = entry_age.get()
    gender = var_gender.get()
    course = combo_course.get()
    
    if name and roll and age:
        message = f"Name: {name}\nRoll: {roll}\nAge: {age}\nGender: {gender}\nCourse: {course}"
        messagebox.showinfo("Registration Successful", message)
    else:
        messagebox.showwarning("Warning", "Please fill all fields!")

def clear():
    entry_name.delete(0, tk.END)
    entry_roll.delete(0, tk.END)
    entry_age.delete(0, tk.END)
    var_gender.set("Male")
    combo_course.current(0)

root = tk.Tk()
root.title("Student Registration")
root.geometry("400x400")

tk.Label(root, text="Student Registration Form", 
         font=("Arial", 16, "bold")).grid(row=0, column=0, columnspan=2, pady=20)

tk.Label(root, text="Name:", font=("Arial", 12)).grid(row=1, column=0, padx=10, pady=10, sticky="e")
entry_name = tk.Entry(root, width=25, font=("Arial", 12))
entry_name.grid(row=1, column=1, padx=10, pady=10)

tk.Label(root, text="Roll No:", font=("Arial", 12)).grid(row=2, column=0, padx=10, pady=10, sticky="e")
entry_roll = tk.Entry(root, width=25, font=("Arial", 12))
entry_roll.grid(row=2, column=1, padx=10, pady=10)

tk.Label(root, text="Age:", font=("Arial", 12)).grid(row=3, column=0, padx=10, pady=10, sticky="e")
entry_age = tk.Entry(root, width=25, font=("Arial", 12))
entry_age.grid(row=3, column=1, padx=10, pady=10)

tk.Label(root, text="Gender:", font=("Arial", 12)).grid(row=4, column=0, padx=10, pady=10, sticky="e")
var_gender = tk.StringVar()
var_gender.set("Male")
frame_gender = tk.Frame(root)
frame_gender.grid(row=4, column=1, sticky="w")
tk.Radiobutton(frame_gender, text="Male", variable=var_gender, value="Male").pack(side=tk.LEFT)
tk.Radiobutton(frame_gender, text="Female", variable=var_gender, value="Female").pack(side=tk.LEFT)

tk.Label(root, text="Course:", font=("Arial", 12)).grid(row=5, column=0, padx=10, pady=10, sticky="e")
from tkinter import ttk
combo_course = ttk.Combobox(root, values=["B.Tech", "M.Tech", "BCA", "MCA"], 
                             width=23, font=("Arial", 12))
combo_course.grid(row=5, column=1, padx=10, pady=10)
combo_course.current(0)

frame_buttons = tk.Frame(root)
frame_buttons.grid(row=6, column=0, columnspan=2, pady=20)

tk.Button(frame_buttons, text="Submit", command=submit, 
          width=10, bg="green", fg="white", font=("Arial", 12)).pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=5)
tk.Button(frame_buttons, text="Clear", command=clear, 
          width=10, bg="red", fg="white", font=("Arial", 12)).pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=5)

root.mainloop()

7. Working with Python IDEs

Popular Python IDEs

PyCharm - Professional IDE by JetBrains
- Features: Code completion, debugging, version control
- Community (free) and Professional editions
VS Code - Lightweight, extensible
- Python extension required
- IntelliSense, debugging, Jupyter support
Jupyter Notebook - Interactive computing
- Web-based interface
- Great for data science and visualization
Spyder - Scientific Python Development
- Comes with Anaconda
- Variable explorer, IPython console
IDLE - Python's built-in IDE
- Lightweight and simple
- Good for beginners

Running Python Programs in IDE

PyCharm:

Right-click file → Run
Or press Shift+F10

VS Code:

Click Run button (▶)
Or press F5

Jupyter Notebook:

Click Run cell button
Or press Shift+Enter

🚀 Quick Reference Summary

Package Installation

pip install numpy pandas matplotlib

NumPy Basics

import numpy as np
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3])
np.mean(arr), np.sum(arr), np.max(arr)

Pandas Basics

import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_csv('file.csv')
df.head(), df.info(), df.describe()

Matplotlib Basics

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.plot(x, y)
plt.xlabel('X'), plt.ylabel('Y')
plt.title('Title')
plt.show()

Tkinter Basics

import tkinter as tk
root = tk.Tk()
tk.Label(root, text="Hello").pack()
root.mainloop()

📝 Exam Important Questions

Explain NumPy arrays and their advantages over Python lists.
Write a program using NumPy to:
- Create array of 10 random numbers
- Calculate mean, median, standard deviation
- Find max and min values
Demonstrate Pandas DataFrame operations:
- Creating DataFrame
- Reading CSV
- Filtering and sorting data
Create a program using Matplotlib to visualize student marks with:
- Bar chart
- Pie chart
- Histogram
Explain different Tkinter widgets with examples.
Create a GUI application with:
- Entry fields for name and email
- Submit button
- Display entered information
Write a program to analyze sales data using Pandas and visualize with Matplotlib.
Create a calculator GUI using Tkinter with all basic operations.
Explain layout management in Tkinter (pack, grid, place).
Develop a complete application combining:
- File operations (read student data from CSV)
- Pandas (data processing)
- Matplotlib (data visualization)
- Tkinter (GUI interface)

End of Unit-5

All Python Units Complete! 🎉

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Unit-5: Python Packages and GUI Programming

1. Python Packages

What are Packages?

Installing Packages

Importing Packages

2. NumPy Package

Introduction

Installation

NumPy Arrays

Creating Arrays

Array Attributes

Array Operations

Array Indexing and Slicing

Mathematical Functions

Example: Grade Analysis

3. Pandas Package

Introduction

Installation

Pandas Series

Pandas DataFrame

Creating DataFrame

Reading CSV Files

DataFrame Operations

Grouping and Aggregation

Example: Sales Data Analysis

4. Matplotlib Package

Introduction

Installation

Line Plot

Multiple Lines

Bar Chart

Horizontal Bar Chart

Scatter Plot

Pie Chart

Histogram

Subplots

Example: Sales Visualization

5. Integrated Example: Data Analysis Pipeline

6. GUI Programming with Tkinter

Introduction to Tkinter

First Tkinter Program

Tkinter Widgets

Label Widget

Button Widget

Entry Widget (Text Input)

Text Widget (Multi-line)

Checkbutton Widget

Radiobutton Widget

Listbox Widget

Combobox (Dropdown)

Layout Management

pack() Method

grid() Method

place() Method

Complete GUI Examples

Example 1: Simple Calculator

Example 2: Temperature Converter

Example 3: Login Form

Example 4: To-Do List

Example 5: Student Registration Form

7. Working with Python IDEs

Popular Python IDEs

Running Python Programs in IDE

🚀 Quick Reference Summary

Package Installation

NumPy Basics

Pandas Basics

Matplotlib Basics

Tkinter Basics

📝 Exam Important Questions