diff --git a/src/components/forms/ContactForm/ContactForm.accessibility.test.tsx b/src/components/forms/ContactForm/ContactForm.accessibility.test.tsx
index eff7da80..355e0acc 100644
--- a/src/components/forms/ContactForm/ContactForm.accessibility.test.tsx
+++ b/src/components/forms/ContactForm/ContactForm.accessibility.test.tsx
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ describe('ContactForm Accessibility', () => {
     successMessage: null,
     isOnline: true,
     wasQueuedOffline: false,
+    retryQueue: vi.fn(),
   };
 
   beforeEach(() => {
diff --git a/src/components/forms/ContactForm/ContactForm.test.tsx b/src/components/forms/ContactForm/ContactForm.test.tsx
index 39d0b523..966e36bc 100644
--- a/src/components/forms/ContactForm/ContactForm.test.tsx
+++ b/src/components/forms/ContactForm/ContactForm.test.tsx
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ describe('ContactForm', () => {
     successMessage: null,
     isOnline: true,
     wasQueuedOffline: false,
+    retryQueue: vi.fn(),
   };
 
   beforeEach(() => {
diff --git a/src/hooks/useWeb3Forms.test.ts b/src/hooks/useWeb3Forms.test.ts
index 33694f93..8edbf4e4 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useWeb3Forms.test.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useWeb3Forms.test.ts
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ vi.mock('@/utils/offline-queue', () => ({
 vi.mock('@/utils/background-sync', () => ({
   registerBackgroundSync: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(true),
   processQueue: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
+  startFormQueueFallback: vi.fn(() => () => {}),
   getSyncStatus: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({
     supported: false,
     registered: false,
diff --git a/src/hooks/useWeb3Forms.ts b/src/hooks/useWeb3Forms.ts
index e6727671..a97077e3 100644
--- a/src/hooks/useWeb3Forms.ts
+++ b/src/hooks/useWeb3Forms.ts
@@ -12,7 +12,11 @@ import {
 } from '@/schemas/contact.schema';
 import { useOfflineQueue } from './useOfflineQueue';
 import { addToQueue, getQueueSize } from '@/utils/offline-queue';
-import { registerBackgroundSync } from '@/utils/background-sync';
+import {
+  registerBackgroundSync,
+  processQueue,
+  startFormQueueFallback,
+} from '@/utils/background-sync';
 
 const logger = createLogger('hooks:web3Forms');
 
@@ -42,6 +46,8 @@ export interface UseWeb3FormsReturn {
   isOnline: boolean;
   queueCount: number;
   wasQueuedOffline: boolean;
+  /** Manually flush the offline form queue (#32 — for a retry affordance). */
+  retryQueue: () => Promise<void>;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -81,8 +87,24 @@ export const useWeb3Forms = (
     loadQueueSize();
   }, []);
 
+  // #32: on browsers without the Background Sync API (Firefox/Safari), drain the
+  // form queue via foreground online/visibility listeners — otherwise queued
+  // submissions never auto-send there. No-op where SyncManager is available.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const stop = startFormQueueFallback();
+    return stop;
+  }, []);
+
   const queueCount = formsQueueCount + messagingQueueCount;
 
+  // Manual retry affordance (#32): flush the queue on demand, then refresh the
+  // count so the UI reflects what drained.
+  const retryQueue = useCallback(async () => {
+    await processQueue();
+    const newSize = await getQueueSize();
+    setFormsQueueCount(newSize);
+  }, []);
+
   const addToOfflineQueue = useCallback(
     async (data: ContactFormData): Promise<{ id: string; queued: boolean }> => {
       try {
@@ -283,5 +305,6 @@ export const useWeb3Forms = (
     isOnline,
     queueCount,
     wasQueuedOffline,
+    retryQueue,
   };
 };
diff --git a/src/utils/background-sync.test.ts b/src/utils/background-sync.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9dd87c70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/utils/background-sync.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+/**
+ * Tests for the #32 foreground form-queue fallback (browsers without the
+ * Background Sync API). processQueue is exercised via its offline-queue deps,
+ * which we mock so no IndexedDB is touched.
+ */
+
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach, afterEach } from 'vitest';
+
+vi.mock('@/lib/logger', () => ({
+  createLogger: () => ({
+    debug: vi.fn(),
+    info: vi.fn(),
+    warn: vi.fn(),
+    error: vi.fn(),
+  }),
+}));
+
+const getQueuedItems = vi.fn();
+vi.mock('./offline-queue', () => ({
+  getQueuedItems: (...a: unknown[]) => getQueuedItems(...a),
+  removeFromQueue: vi.fn(),
+  updateRetryCount: vi.fn(),
+}));
+vi.mock('./web3forms', () => ({ submitWithRetry: vi.fn() }));
+
+import { startFormQueueFallback } from './background-sync';
+
+function setSyncManager(present: boolean) {
+  if (present) {
+    (window as unknown as { SyncManager: unknown }).SyncManager =
+      function () {};
+  } else {
+    delete (window as unknown as { SyncManager?: unknown }).SyncManager;
+  }
+  Object.defineProperty(navigator, 'serviceWorker', {
+    value: {},
+    configurable: true,
+  });
+}
+
+describe('startFormQueueFallback (#32)', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.clearAllMocks();
+    getQueuedItems.mockResolvedValue([]);
+    Object.defineProperty(navigator, 'onLine', {
+      value: true,
+      configurable: true,
+    });
+  });
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    delete (window as unknown as { SyncManager?: unknown }).SyncManager;
+  });
+
+  it('is a no-op when the Background Sync API is supported', () => {
+    setSyncManager(true);
+    const addSpy = vi.spyOn(window, 'addEventListener');
+    const stop = startFormQueueFallback();
+    expect(addSpy).not.toHaveBeenCalledWith('online', expect.any(Function));
+    stop();
+    addSpy.mockRestore();
+  });
+
+  it('installs online + visibility listeners when unsupported, and cleans up', () => {
+    setSyncManager(false);
+    const addSpy = vi.spyOn(window, 'addEventListener');
+    const docAddSpy = vi.spyOn(document, 'addEventListener');
+    const removeSpy = vi.spyOn(window, 'removeEventListener');
+
+    const stop = startFormQueueFallback();
+    expect(addSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith('online', expect.any(Function));
+    expect(docAddSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'visibilitychange',
+      expect.any(Function)
+    );
+
+    stop();
+    expect(removeSpy).toHaveBeenCalledWith('online', expect.any(Function));
+
+    addSpy.mockRestore();
+    docAddSpy.mockRestore();
+    removeSpy.mockRestore();
+  });
+
+  it('flushes the queue on an online event', async () => {
+    setSyncManager(false);
+    const stop = startFormQueueFallback();
+    getQueuedItems.mockClear(); // ignore the initial drain on start
+
+    window.dispatchEvent(new Event('online'));
+    await vi.waitFor(() => expect(getQueuedItems).toHaveBeenCalled());
+    stop();
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/utils/background-sync.ts b/src/utils/background-sync.ts
index cbb1a932..507d747d 100644
--- a/src/utils/background-sync.ts
+++ b/src/utils/background-sync.ts
@@ -143,6 +143,50 @@ export function isBackgroundSyncSupported(): boolean {
   return 'serviceWorker' in navigator && 'SyncManager' in window;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Fallback queue flush for browsers WITHOUT the Background Sync API
+ * (Firefox, Safari) — #32. The SyncManager path can't run there, so the queued
+ * form submissions would never drain on their own. Install foreground listeners
+ * that processQueue() when the browser comes back online or the tab is
+ * refocused. On SyncManager-capable browsers this is a no-op (the SW owns
+ * draining) so we don't double-process.
+ *
+ * Mirrors src/lib/payments/connection-listener.ts. Returns a cleanup function;
+ * call it on unmount.
+ */
+export function startFormQueueFallback(): () => void {
+  if (typeof window === 'undefined' || isBackgroundSyncSupported()) {
+    return () => {};
+  }
+
+  logger.debug('Starting foreground form-queue fallback (no SyncManager)');
+
+  const flush = () => {
+    void processQueue();
+  };
+
+  const handleOnline = () => {
+    logger.debug('online event — flushing form queue');
+    flush();
+  };
+  const handleVisibility = () => {
+    if (document.visibilityState === 'visible' && navigator.onLine) {
+      flush();
+    }
+  };
+
+  // Drain anything already queued from a previous offline session.
+  if (navigator.onLine) flush();
+
+  window.addEventListener('online', handleOnline);
+  document.addEventListener('visibilitychange', handleVisibility);
+
+  return () => {
+    window.removeEventListener('online', handleOnline);
+    document.removeEventListener('visibilitychange', handleVisibility);
+  };
+}
+
 /**
  * Get sync status for debugging
  */