[Bug #22070] Fix segfault in `Thread.each_caller_location` #12918

Job	Run time
ruby-bench (--warmup=1 --bench=1 --excludes=shipit)	14m 33s
make (test-bundler-parallel, 50)	21m 10s
make (check, i686)	11m 51s
make (check, --enable-shared --enable-load-relative)	7m 47s
make (check, cppflags=-DVM_CHECK_MODE)	8m 45s
make (check, ubuntu-24.04, capi)	10m 14s
make (test-bundled-gems)	13m 35s
make (check, --disable-yjit)	8m 17s
make-ibm	0s
Ubuntu result	2s
	1h 36m 14s

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