Change frequency 433Mhz vs 868Mhz by replace module RA

[f1ssf]

Hi
I have found module Ra-01s (433) and for me the chipset is SX1262 family. I have define band 433, but after compiling serial moni write:

IP address: 192.168.1.141
LoRa Ra-01SH SX1262 initialization...
===== LoRa Configuration =====
Frequency Band: 433.0 MHz
TX Power: 20 dBm
Signal Bandwidth: 250.0 kHz
Spreading Factor: SF10
Coding Rate: 4/5
Preamble Length: 12
CRC: (not reported)
================================
LoRa init failed, code -2

What do you think about it ? tnx's

[AI-RedCode]

Hi f1ssf,

From the README details, since you are using the RA-01SH module with the SX1262 chipset, it’s crucial to select the correct LoRa module type in your config.h file:

//#define LORA_MODULE LORA_MODULE_SX1276  // for older SX1276 modules
#define LORA_MODULE LORA_MODULE_SX1262  // for SX1262 RA-01SH modules (after Aug 2025)

Make sure you have LORA_MODULE_SX1262 enabled, as you mentioned, since your module is from the SX1262 family.

Also, confirm that the frequency band (BAND) matches the hardware; for RA-01SH 433 MHz, set:

#define BAND 433.0

Other LoRa params such as TX Power (20 dBm), bandwidth (250 kHz), spreading factor (SF10), coding rate (4/5), and preamble length (12) should match those in your sensor nodes.

The failure code LoRa init failed, code -2 often indicates a module initialization problem, which may be caused by:

• Wrong module type defined in config
• Incorrect frequency band or parameters
• Antenna not connected (please connect antenna before powering up)
• Power supply issues (use a stable 5V charger)

From the README warnings and specs:

• Make sure the antenna is connected before powering the module.
• Use a high-quality 5V power supply to avoid brownouts.
• Double-check your pin wiring matches the CapiBridge schematic for the RA-01SH (SX1262) module.

You can find the schematic here for your module version:
https://github.com/PricelessToolkit/CapiBridge#schematic
(expand the “View schematic” section)

Additionally, update your node sensors to the latest firmware supporting XOR encryption and SX1262 modules, as noted in the updates, since firmware compatibility is important.

If you want step-by-step Arduino IDE setup instructions and recommended library versions, see the README section:
https://github.com/PricelessToolkit/CapiBridge#arduino-ide-configuration

This should help resolve the LoRa init fail issue with RA-01SH on 433 MHz.

---

Summary checklist for you:

• Use #define LORA_MODULE LORA_MODULE_SX1262 in config.h
• Set #define BAND 433.0 for 433 MHz
• Connect antenna before powering on
• Use stable 5V power supply
• Verify wiring per latest schematic
• Update sensor node firmware compatible with SX1262
• Check serial monitor at 115200 baud for debugging output

If you need more config examples or troubleshooting, there are example sensor repos linked in the README too.

Good luck!

✅ If this answer helped, please close the discussion.
🤖 I’m an AI and If my response is incorrect or not sufficient, don’t worry @PricelessToolkit will review this discussion soon.

[PricelessToolkit]

Hi,
LoRa init failed, code -2 means the radio chip was not detected by RadioLib. In practice this points to one of these:

1. Wrong module type selected
2. SPI/control line problem (NSS / RST / DIO1 / BUSY)
3. defective module / bad soldering / poor contact

For RA-01S you should use:

#define LORA_MODULE LORA_MODULE_SX1262
#define BAND 433.0

In radio.h the pinout of SX1262 was declared like this, so you can check with a "continuity test" from ESP1 to the LoRa module

  // SPI + control pins
  #define CONFIG_MOSI 1
  #define CONFIG_MISO 0
  #define CONFIG_CLK  4
  #define CONFIG_NSS  3
  #define CONFIG_RST  6
  #define CONFIG_DIO1 5
  #define CONFIG_BUSY 10

PS: What version of Capibridge do you have, V2 or V1 ? V2 comes with the SH module

[PricelessToolkit]

LoRa init failed, code -2 happens during radio.begin(...), so this is still at the radio initialization stage. At that point RadioLib is trying to communicate with the chip over reset / SPI / BUSY / IRQ.

CRC does not affect initialization; it only matters later during packet TX/RX. So CRC mismatch can break communication, but it should not be the cause of init failed -2.

As a quick test, I would try more conservative LoRa settings:

#define BAND 433.0
#define LORA_TX_POWER 10
#define LORA_SIGNAL_BANDWIDTH 125.0
#define LORA_SPREADING_FACTOR 9
#define LORA_CODING_RATE 5
#define LORA_SYNC_WORD 0x12
#define LORA_PREAMBLE_LENGTH 12

[f1ssf]

I try your params, same problem.

IP address: 192.168.1.141
LoRa Ra-01SH SX1262 initialization...
===== LoRa Configuration =====
Frequency Band: 433.0 MHz
TX Power: 10 dBm
Signal Bandwidth: 125.0 kHz
Spreading Factor: SF9
Coding Rate: 4/5
Preamble Length: 12
CRC: (not reported)
================================
LoRa init failed, code -2

(I have same problem to prog PIRBOX with Ra-01S)

[PricelessToolkit]

Let me try making my own 433 version

[f1ssf]

I think i have found,

// ---------- SX1262: IRQ on DIO1, uses BUSY ----------
#define RADIO_CLASS SX1262

if I change

  #define RADIO_CLASS SX1268

it's OK, I think radiolib class are differents

WiFi connected
IP address: 192.168.1.141
LoRa Ra-01SH SX1262 initialization...
===== LoRa Configuration =====
Frequency Band: 433.0 MHz
TX Power: 10 dBm
Signal Bandwidth: 125.0 kHz
Spreading Factor: SF9
Coding Rate: 4/5
Preamble Length: 12
CRC: (not reported)
================================
----- All set, waiting for incoming JSON payloads -----
WiFi RSSI: -72

I must stopped, i continue tonight
please can you confirm ???

[PricelessToolkit]

WT... if the module is the same, why is the class different? Chinese putting chipper chip into modules and advertising as SX1262?

I don't have SX1262 433Mhz so I can't test for now until I order a couple.

But I can write the new config.h and radio.h

radio.h

#pragma once
#include <Arduino.h>   // for RISING (SX1276)
#include <RadioLib.h>
#include "config.h"

#define LORA_MODULE_SX1262 1
#define LORA_MODULE_SX1276 2
#define LORA_MODULE_SX1268 3

// ===== Per-module pin maps + glue macros =====
#if (LORA_MODULE == LORA_MODULE_SX1276)
// ---------- SX1276 (RA-01H): IRQ on DIO0, no BUSY ----------
  #define RADIO_CLASS SX1276

  // SPI + control pins
  #define CONFIG_MOSI 1
  #define CONFIG_MISO 0
  #define CONFIG_CLK  4
  #define CONFIG_NSS  3
  #define CONFIG_RST  6
  #define CONFIG_DIO0 5

  // Glue for constructor/IRQs
  #define CONFIG_IRQ   CONFIG_DIO0
  #define CONFIG_BUSY  RADIOLIB_NC

  // new Module(nss, dio0, rst, nc)
  #define MODULE_ARGS  CONFIG_NSS, CONFIG_IRQ, CONFIG_RST, CONFIG_BUSY

  // Hook IRQ to DIO0 (RadioLib 7.2.1 needs edge param on SX127x)
  #define SET_DIO_ACTION(r, cb) (r).setDio0Action(cb, RISING)

  // Detach the right IRQ line around TX
  #define DETACH_IRQ() detachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(CONFIG_IRQ))

  // SX1276 begin signature: last param = gain (0.0 = AGC)
  #define RADIO_BEGIN(r) \
    (r).begin(BAND, LORA_SIGNAL_BANDWIDTH, LORA_SPREADING_FACTOR, \
              LORA_CODING_RATE, LORA_SYNC_WORD, LORA_TX_POWER, \
              LORA_PREAMBLE_LENGTH, 0.0)

#elif (LORA_MODULE == LORA_MODULE_SX1262)
// ---------- SX1262: IRQ on DIO1, uses BUSY ----------
  #define RADIO_CLASS SX1262

  // SPI + control pins
  #define CONFIG_MOSI 1
  #define CONFIG_MISO 0
  #define CONFIG_CLK  4
  #define CONFIG_NSS  3
  #define CONFIG_RST  6
  #define CONFIG_DIO1 5
  #define CONFIG_BUSY 10

  // Glue for constructor/IRQs
  #define CONFIG_IRQ   CONFIG_DIO1

  // new Module(nss, dio1, rst, busy)
  #define MODULE_ARGS  CONFIG_NSS, CONFIG_IRQ, CONFIG_RST, CONFIG_BUSY

  // Hook IRQ to DIO1 (SX126x API takes only the callback)
  #define SET_DIO_ACTION(r, cb) (r).setDio1Action(cb)

  // Detach the right IRQ line around TX
  #define DETACH_IRQ() detachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(CONFIG_IRQ))

  // SX126x begin signature: (... preambleLen, tcxoVoltage, useRegulatorLDO)
  #define RADIO_BEGIN(r) \
    (r).begin(BAND, LORA_SIGNAL_BANDWIDTH, LORA_SPREADING_FACTOR, \
              LORA_CODING_RATE, LORA_SYNC_WORD, LORA_TX_POWER, \
              LORA_PREAMBLE_LENGTH, 0.0, false)

#elif (LORA_MODULE == LORA_MODULE_SX1268)
// ---------- SX1268: IRQ on DIO1, uses BUSY ----------
  #define RADIO_CLASS SX1268

  // SPI + control pins
  #define CONFIG_MOSI 1
  #define CONFIG_MISO 0
  #define CONFIG_CLK  4
  #define CONFIG_NSS  3
  #define CONFIG_RST  6
  #define CONFIG_DIO1 5
  #define CONFIG_BUSY 10

  // Glue for constructor/IRQs
  #define CONFIG_IRQ   CONFIG_DIO1

  // new Module(nss, dio1, rst, busy)
  #define MODULE_ARGS  CONFIG_NSS, CONFIG_IRQ, CONFIG_RST, CONFIG_BUSY

  // Hook IRQ to DIO1 (SX126x API takes only the callback)
  #define SET_DIO_ACTION(r, cb) (r).setDio1Action(cb)

  // Detach the right IRQ line around TX
  #define DETACH_IRQ() detachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(CONFIG_IRQ))

  // SX126x begin signature: (... preambleLen, tcxoVoltage, useRegulatorLDO)
  #define RADIO_BEGIN(r) \
    (r).begin(BAND, LORA_SIGNAL_BANDWIDTH, LORA_SPREADING_FACTOR, \
              LORA_CODING_RATE, LORA_SYNC_WORD, LORA_TX_POWER, \
              LORA_PREAMBLE_LENGTH, 0.0, false)

#else
  #error "LORA_MODULE not set to LORA_MODULE_SX1276, LORA_MODULE_SX1262 or LORA_MODULE_SX1268"
#endif

config.h

/////////////////////////// LoRa/ESPNow Gateway Key ///////////////////////////

#define GATEWAY_KEY "xy"                           // Separation Key "Keep it small" Must match exactly sensors key
#define LoRa_Encryption true                       // Global LoRa Encryption, true or false
#define ESPNOW_Encryption false                     // Global ESP-NOW Encryption, true or false
#define encryption_key_length 4                    // must match number of bytes in the XOR key array
#define encryption_key { 0x4B, 0xA3, 0x3F, 0x9C }  // Multi-byte XOR key (2–16 bytes)

/////////////////////////////////// WIFI //////////////////////////////////////

#define WIFI_SSID "CHANGE_ME"
#define WIFI_PASSWORD "CHANGE_ME"

/////////////////////////////////// MQTT //////////////////////////////////////

#define MQTT_USERNAME "CHANGE_ME"
#define MQTT_PASSWORD "CHANGE_ME"
#define MQTT_SERVER "192.168.xx.x"
#define MQTT_PORT 1883
#define DISCOVERY_EVERY_PACKET true      // true  = publish discovery every time data is received from that sensor
                                         // false = publish discovery once per CapiBridge boot (remembers if that sensor is already published)
                                         // Using false reduces MQTT traffic, but if you delete a sensor in Home Assistant,
                                         // you must reboot CapiBridge to clear the cache so it can rediscover that sensor
                                     
////////////////////////////// LORA CONFIG ////////////////////////////////////

// Select which LoRa module this CapiBridge uses: Look at the inscription on the module "Ra-01xx"

//#define LORA_MODULE LORA_MODULE_SX1276  // Ra-01H "SX1276" Module (orders shipped before Aug 2025)
//#define LORA_MODULE LORA_MODULE_SX1262  // Ra-01SH "SX1262"  Module CapiBridge v2 (orders shipped after Aug 2025)
#define LORA_MODULE LORA_MODULE_SX1268    // Ra-01S Module " 433Mhz Version"


#define BAND 433.0                       // 433.0 / 868.0 / 915.0
#define LORA_TX_POWER 20                 // dBm; check regulatory limits in your region (SX1262 supports up to 22) (SX1276 supports up to 20)

/// Bandwidth vs SF support (SX126x):
// 125 kHz: SF5–SF9
// 250 kHz: SF5–SF10
// 500 kHz: SF5–SF11

#define LORA_SIGNAL_BANDWIDTH 250.0     // kHz: 125.0, 250.0, 500.0
#define LORA_SPREADING_FACTOR 10        // "5–11 on SX1262" "6-12 on SX1276"
#define LORA_CODING_RATE 5              // 5–8 → coding rate 4/5 .. 4/8
#define LORA_SYNC_WORD 0x12             // Default 0x12 Dont Change
#define LORA_PREAMBLE_LENGTH 12         // 6..65535

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

#define ROW_Debug false  // true or false , Prints ROW hex values insteed of JSON

[PricelessToolkit]

I checked the RadioLib source and found that

• SX1262 and SX1268 use different internal PA/output tables.

SX1262 sets:

  chipType = "SX1261"

SX1268 sets:

 chipType = "SX1268"

[f1ssf]

ok , good analyse.
So you can update serial message too it's better :-):

#if (LORA_MODULE == LORA_MODULE_SX1276)
Serial.println("LoRa Ra-01H SX1276 initialization...");
#else
Serial.println("LoRa Ra-01SH SX1262 initialization...");
#else
Serial.println("LoRa RA-01S SX1268 initialization...");
#endif

This week I test PIRBOX too.
wait and see

[PricelessToolkit]

And for PirBox-LITE
PirBox-Lite.zip

[PricelessToolkit]

Serial messages updated.

[f1ssf]

Hello sorry for time, and thank you for the new codes.

The Gateway 433Mhz working fine; it's waiting for the JSON playload.

I had to build another 433MHz PIR module, and I have a problem.

The Attiny flash is OK, I correctly set 433MHz in your new code, but the LED is constantly ON, and the module don't transmitting.

I've checked the soldering and the power supply; everything seems fine to me. I need to fix the problem. If you have any ideas, please let me know. thank you so much

[PricelessToolkit]

I can't help for now, until I get the ordered new 433Mhz modules. What about the old code? Maybe it will work, because the library is different.

[PricelessToolkit]

I found 3 modules "Ra-01S" in my stock :)) and tested, all works, the capibridge is updated, PirBox-LITE code is the default one from repo, no change!

Capibridge config

/////////////////////////// LoRa/ESPNow Gateway Key ///////////////////////////

#define GATEWAY_KEY "xy"                           // Separation Key "Keep it small" Must match exactly sensors key
#define LoRa_Encryption true                       // Global LoRa Encryption, true or false
#define ESPNOW_Encryption false                     // Global ESP-NOW Encryption, true or false
#define encryption_key_length 4                    // must match number of bytes in the XOR key array
#define encryption_key { 0x4B, 0xA3, 0x3F, 0x9C }  // Multi-byte XOR key (2–16 bytes)

/////////////////////////////////// WIFI //////////////////////////////////////

#define WIFI_SSID "xxxxxx"
#define WIFI_PASSWORD "xxxxxx"

/////////////////////////////////// MQTT //////////////////////////////////////

#define MQTT_USERNAME "xxxxxx"
#define MQTT_PASSWORD "xxxxxx"
#define MQTT_SERVER "192.168.99.2"
#define MQTT_PORT 1883
#define DISCOVERY_EVERY_PACKET true      // true  = publish discovery every time data is received from that sensor
                                         // false = publish discovery once per CapiBridge boot (remembers if that sensor is already published)
                                         // Using false reduces MQTT traffic, but if you delete a sensor in Home Assistant,
                                         // you must reboot CapiBridge to clear the cache so it can rediscover that sensor
                                     
////////////////////////////// LORA CONFIG ////////////////////////////////////

// Select which LoRa module this CapiBridge is uses:

//#define LORA_MODULE LORA_MODULE_SX1276  // Ra-01H "SX1276" Module (orders shipped before Aug 2025)
//#define LORA_MODULE LORA_MODULE_SX1262  // Ra-01SH "SX1262"  Module CapiBridge v2 (orders shipped after Aug 2025)
#define LORA_MODULE LORA_MODULE_SX1268    // Ra-01S Module " 433Mhz Version"

#define BAND 433.0                       // 433.0 / 868.0 / 915.0
#define LORA_TX_POWER 20                 // dBm; check regulatory limits in your region (SX1262 supports up to 22) (SX1276 supports up to 20)

/// Bandwidth vs SF support (SX126x):
// 125 kHz: SF5–SF9
// 250 kHz: SF5–SF10
// 500 kHz: SF5–SF11

#define LORA_SIGNAL_BANDWIDTH 250.0     // kHz: 125.0, 250.0, 500.0
#define LORA_SPREADING_FACTOR 10        // "5–11 on SX1262" "6-12 on SX1276"
#define LORA_CODING_RATE 5              // 5–8 → coding rate 4/5 .. 4/8
#define LORA_SYNC_WORD 0x12             // Default 0x12 Dont Change
#define LORA_PREAMBLE_LENGTH 12         // 6..65535

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

#define ROW_Debug false  // true or false , Prints ROW hex values insteed of JSON

PirBox config

/////////////////////////// LoRa Gateway Key ///////////////////////////

#define GATEWAY_KEY "xy"                           // Separation Key "Keep it Short 2 letters is enough"
#define NODE_NAME "PirBoxL433"                        // Sensor Name which will be visible in Home Assistant
#define Encryption true                            // Global Payload obfuscation (Encryption)
#define encryption_key_length 4                    // must match number of bytes in the XOR key array
#define encryption_key { 0x4B, 0xA3, 0x3F, 0x9C }  // Multi-byte XOR key (between 2–16 values).
                                                   // Use random-looking HEX values (from 0x00 to 0xFF).
                                                   // Must match exactly on both sender and receiver.
                                                   // Example: { 0x1F, 0x7E, 0xC2, 0x5A }  ➜ 4-byte key.

/////////////////////////// LORA RADIO CONFIG ///////////////////////////


#define BAND                      433E6     // 433E6 MHz or 868E6 MHz or 915E6 MHz
#define TX_OUTPUT_POWER           22       // dBm tx output power

//| Bandwidth | Supported Spreading Factors |
//|-----------|-----------------------------|
//| 125 kHz   | SF5 – SF9                   |
//| 250 kHz   | SF5 – SF10                  |
//| 500 kHz   | SF5 – SF11                  |

#define LORA_BANDWIDTH            5         // bandwidth 4: 125Khz, 5: 250KHZ, 6: 500Khz
#define LORA_SPREADING_FACTOR     10         // spreading factor 6-12 [SF5..SF11]
#define LORA_CODINGRATE           1         // [1: 4/5, 2: 4/6, 3: 4/7, 4: 4/8]
#define LORA_PREAMBLE_LENGTH      12         // Same for Tx and Rx
#define LORA_PAYLOADLENGTH        0         // 0: Variable length packet (explicit header),  1..255 for Fixed length packet (implicit header)
#define LORA_CRC_ON               true
#define LORA_SYNC_WORD            0x1424    // The 0x1424 private sync word is equivalent to the CapiBridge 0x12 sync word.

// LoRa Sync Word Compatibility Table20
//
// This table shows how 16-bit sync words used on "PirBOX" SX126x-based modules (like Ra-01SH) correspond to the 8-bit sync words used on older SX127x-based modules.
//
// | Type    | SX126x Sync Word | SX127x Equivalent | Notes                                                               |
// |---------|------------------|-------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------|
// | Public  | `0x3444`         | `0x34`            | Default for LoRaWAN. Reserved, do **not** use for private networks. |
// | Private | `0x1424`         | `0x12`            | Recommended for custom/private networks.                            |
// | Private | `0x1437`         | `0x37`            | Custom private network sync word.                                   |
// | Private | `0x14A9`         | `0xA9`            | Custom private network sync word.                                   |
// | Private | `0x14D5`         | `0xD5`            | Custom private network sync word.                                   |
//
// Notes:
// - SX126x uses a 16-bit sync word, always starting with `0x14` for compatibility.
// - SX127x uses an 8-bit sync word, derived from the lower byte (`0xYZ` from `0x14YZ`).
// - Avoid `0x3444` (`0x34`) in private networks — it's reserved for "LoRaWAN public" use.
// - Choose a unique `0x14YZ` value for a private network to avoid collisions and improve isolation.

[f1ssf]

So, I'm having a problem with both Pirboxes I built, even though I was really careful.

Tomorrow, I'll try desoldering my working 868MHz Pirbox and installing the 437MHz one to rule it out.
Thanks for the tests and setup; I'll keep you posted.

[PricelessToolkit]

1. Past your configs
2. Can you do high-res pictures? I will take a look

[f1ssf]

My conf is same that yours.
My hardware

[PricelessToolkit]

Your problem can be related to configs or component placement.

[PricelessToolkit]

In your place, I will check and resolders this spots. On the LoRa module, the GND is hard to solder.

[f1ssf]

oh my God, I have find problem.
When I've soldered lora module 433Mhz, I have soldered one pad to adjust position perfectly.
But when I have rotate it, I have a strain on pad, and cut small wire from Atinny.
Work fine now 433Mhz on an other pcb.
I'm so sorry for the inconvenience.
Thank you for software update.
I have tested the distance between 433Mhz and 868Mhz (it is my initial problem) , 433Mhz is better in rough terrain.

[PricelessToolkit]

Yep, the 433 range can be almost 1-2x more. If you do a real range test, please share the results.

[f1ssf]

The mailbox is at the end of the path behind the tree.
There's a first metal gate, then a second metal gate (about 100m away).
The Capibridge is at the back of the house; you have to go through a concrete wall.
The signal wasn't coming through on 868MHz, but it comes through on 437MHz.
In both cases, I have quarter-wave wire antennas.