diff --git a/internal/aistudio/compatibility_test.go b/internal/aistudio/compatibility_test.go
index 56966c01..2e929df8 100644
--- a/internal/aistudio/compatibility_test.go
+++ b/internal/aistudio/compatibility_test.go
@@ -136,3 +136,96 @@ func TestRPCErrorCompatibility(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	})
 }
+
+// TestEncodeContentsEmptyPartsFilter 验证多轮历史中空 parts 内容被自动忽略而不触发编码校验失败
+func TestEncodeContentsEmptyPartsFilter(t *testing.T) {
+	contents := []Content{
+		{Role: RoleUser, Parts: []Part{{Text: "hello"}}},
+		{Role: RoleAssistant, Parts: nil},
+		{Role: RoleAssistant, Parts: []Part{}},
+		{Role: RoleUser, Parts: []Part{{Text: "world"}}},
+	}
+	wire, err := encodeContents(contents)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("encodeContents failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(wire) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 2 valid wire contents, got %d: %#v", len(wire), wire)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestAttachYouTubeMediaPreservesText 验证普通文本与非空白字符在附加 YouTube 媒体时不被截断为空
+func TestAttachYouTubeMediaPreservesText(t *testing.T) {
+	content := Content{
+		Role: RoleUser,
+		Parts: []Part{
+			{Text: "  normal text with space  "},
+			{Text: "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ"},
+		},
+	}
+	attached := attachYouTubeMedia(content)
+	if len(attached.Parts) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 2 parts (1 text + 1 external media), got %d: %#v", len(attached.Parts), attached.Parts)
+	}
+	if attached.Parts[0].Text != "  normal text with space  " {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected text: %q", attached.Parts[0].Text)
+	}
+	if attached.Parts[1].ExternalMedia == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected external media part")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestFunctionResultNameInference 验证在 ID 丢失、不匹配或无前置调用时安全推断函数名称与兜底
+func TestFunctionResultNameInference(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("infer from previous function call when ID mismatches", func(t *testing.T) {
+		contents := []Content{
+			{
+				Role: RoleAssistant,
+				Parts: []Part{{
+					FunctionCall: &FunctionCall{
+						ID:        "call_1",
+						Name:      "query_image_presets",
+						Arguments: json.RawMessage(`{"category":"preset"}`),
+					},
+				}},
+			},
+			{
+				Role: RoleTool,
+				Parts: []Part{{
+					FunctionResult: &FunctionResult{
+						ID:      "call_mismatch_999",
+						Content: json.RawMessage(`{"result":"ok"}`),
+					},
+				}},
+			},
+		}
+		wire, err := encodeContents(contents)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("encodeContents should not fail: %v", err)
+		}
+		if len(wire) != 2 {
+			t.Fatalf("expected 2 wire items, got %d", len(wire))
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("safe fallback when no preceding function call", func(t *testing.T) {
+		contents := []Content{
+			{
+				Role: RoleTool,
+				Parts: []Part{{
+					FunctionResult: &FunctionResult{
+						ID:      "call_isolated_123",
+						Content: json.RawMessage(`{"result":"ok"}`),
+					},
+				}},
+			},
+		}
+		wire, err := encodeContents(contents)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("encodeContents should not fail on isolated result: %v", err)
+		}
+		if len(wire) != 1 {
+			t.Fatalf("expected 1 wire item, got %d", len(wire))
+		}
+	})
+}
diff --git a/internal/aistudio/request.go b/internal/aistudio/request.go
index 1423c7c9..6391704c 100644
--- a/internal/aistudio/request.go
+++ b/internal/aistudio/request.go
@@ -97,8 +97,12 @@ func (c *Client) CountTokensForAccount(ctx context.Context, accountID string, re
 func encodeContents(contents []Content) ([]any, error) {
 	wire := make([]any, 0, len(contents))
 	functionNames := make(map[string]string)
+	lastFunctionName := ""
 	for index, content := range contents {
-		encoded, err := encodeContent(content, functionNames)
+		if len(content.Parts) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		encoded, err := encodeContent(content, functionNames, &lastFunctionName)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("编码 content %d: %w", index, err)
 		}
@@ -107,7 +111,7 @@ func encodeContents(contents []Content) ([]any, error) {
 	return wire, nil
 }
 
-func encodeContent(content Content, functionNames map[string]string) ([]any, error) {
+func encodeContent(content Content, functionNames map[string]string, lastFunctionName *string) ([]any, error) {
 	content = attachYouTubeMedia(content)
 	role := ""
 	switch content.Role {
@@ -125,12 +129,25 @@ func encodeContent(content Content, functionNames map[string]string) ([]any, err
 	}
 	parts := make([]any, 0, len(content.Parts))
 	for index, part := range content.Parts {
-		if part.FunctionCall != nil && part.FunctionCall.ID != "" {
-			functionNames[part.FunctionCall.ID] = part.FunctionCall.Name
+		if part.FunctionCall != nil {
+			if part.FunctionCall.Name != "" {
+				*lastFunctionName = part.FunctionCall.Name
+			}
+			if part.FunctionCall.ID != "" {
+				functionNames[part.FunctionCall.ID] = part.FunctionCall.Name
+			}
 		}
 		if part.FunctionResult != nil && part.FunctionResult.Name == "" {
 			part.FunctionResult = cloneFunctionResult(part.FunctionResult)
-			part.FunctionResult.Name = functionNames[part.FunctionResult.ID]
+			if name, ok := functionNames[part.FunctionResult.ID]; ok && name != "" {
+				part.FunctionResult.Name = name
+			} else if part.FunctionResult.ID != "" && !strings.HasPrefix(part.FunctionResult.ID, "call_") && !strings.HasPrefix(part.FunctionResult.ID, "tool_") {
+				part.FunctionResult.Name = part.FunctionResult.ID
+			} else if *lastFunctionName != "" {
+				part.FunctionResult.Name = *lastFunctionName
+			} else {
+				part.FunctionResult.Name = "unknown_function"
+			}
 		}
 		encoded, err := encodePart(part)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -229,14 +246,15 @@ func encodePart(part Part) ([]any, error) {
 		return setPartThoughtSignature(wire, signature), nil
 	}
 	if part.FunctionResult != nil {
-		if part.FunctionResult.Name == "" {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("function result 缺少名称且无法按 call ID 解析")
+		name := part.FunctionResult.Name
+		if name == "" {
+			name = "unknown_function"
 		}
 		response, err := encodeWireStructJSON(part.FunctionResult.Content)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("function result content: %w", err)
 		}
-		result := []any{part.FunctionResult.Name, response}
+		result := []any{name, response}
 		if part.FunctionResult.ID != "" {
 			result = append(result, part.FunctionResult.ID)
 		}
diff --git a/internal/aistudio/youtube.go b/internal/aistudio/youtube.go
index c59c4de4..804c981e 100644
--- a/internal/aistudio/youtube.go
+++ b/internal/aistudio/youtube.go
@@ -56,20 +56,23 @@ func attachYouTubeMedia(content Content) Content {
 	parts := make([]Part, 0, len(content.Parts)+1)
 	for _, part := range content.Parts {
 		if part.Text != "" {
-			for _, raw := range youtubeURLPattern.FindAllString(part.Text, -1) {
-				media, ok := ExternalMediaForURL(raw)
-				if !ok {
-					continue
+			matches := youtubeURLPattern.FindAllString(part.Text, -1)
+			if len(matches) > 0 {
+				for _, raw := range matches {
+					media, ok := ExternalMediaForURL(raw)
+					if !ok {
+						continue
+					}
+					if _, duplicate := existing[media.URL]; !duplicate {
+						existing[media.URL] = struct{}{}
+						parts = append(parts, Part{ExternalMedia: media})
+					}
+					part.Text = strings.ReplaceAll(part.Text, raw, "")
 				}
-				if _, duplicate := existing[media.URL]; !duplicate {
-					existing[media.URL] = struct{}{}
-					parts = append(parts, Part{ExternalMedia: media})
+				part.Text = strings.TrimSpace(part.Text)
+				if part.Text == "" {
+					continue
 				}
-				part.Text = strings.ReplaceAll(part.Text, raw, "")
-			}
-			part.Text = strings.TrimSpace(part.Text)
-			if part.Text == "" {
-				continue
 			}
 		}
 		parts = append(parts, part)
diff --git a/internal/api/anthropic.go b/internal/api/anthropic.go
index 7e7d6ffa..54e389fe 100644
--- a/internal/api/anthropic.go
+++ b/internal/api/anthropic.go
@@ -187,6 +187,9 @@ func (request anthropicRequest) toGenerateRequest(id string) (aistudio.GenerateR
 		if err != nil {
 			return aistudio.GenerateRequest{}, fmt.Errorf("%s message: %w", message.Role, err)
 		}
+		if len(parts) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
 		contents = append(contents, aistudio.Content{Role: role, Parts: parts})
 	}
 	tools, err := mapAnthropicTools(request.Tools, request.ToolChoice)
@@ -253,7 +256,7 @@ func anthropicRole(role string) (aistudio.Role, error) {
 func anthropicParts(raw json.RawMessage) ([]aistudio.Part, error) {
 	var text string
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &text); err == nil {
-		if text == "" {
+		if strings.TrimSpace(text) == "" {
 			return nil, nil
 		}
 		return []aistudio.Part{{Text: text}}, nil
@@ -295,7 +298,7 @@ func anthropicParts(raw json.RawMessage) ([]aistudio.Part, error) {
 		}
 		switch block.Type {
 		case "text":
-			if block.Text == "" {
+			if strings.TrimSpace(block.Text) == "" {
 				continue
 			}
 			flushPendingSignature()
diff --git a/internal/api/empty_content_test.go b/internal/api/empty_content_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ec19eb43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/api/empty_content_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+package api
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// TestOpenAIEmptyMessagesFiltered 验证 OpenAI 兼容协议中包含空字符串、null 或纯空白的消息自动跳过
+func TestOpenAIEmptyMessagesFiltered(t *testing.T) {
+	req := chatRequest{
+		Model: "gemini-3.8-flash",
+		Messages: []chatMessage{
+			{Role: "system", Content: json.RawMessage(`"you are an assistant"`)},
+			{Role: "user", Content: json.RawMessage(`"hello"`)},
+			{Role: "assistant", Content: json.RawMessage(`""`)},
+			{Role: "assistant", Content: json.RawMessage(`null`)},
+			{Role: "assistant", Content: json.RawMessage(`"   "`)},
+			{Role: "user", Content: json.RawMessage(`"how are you?"`)},
+		},
+	}
+	genReq, err := req.toGenerateRequest("test-id")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("toGenerateRequest failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(genReq.Contents) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 2 valid contents (2 user messages), got %d: %#v", len(genReq.Contents), genReq.Contents)
+	}
+	if genReq.Contents[0].Parts[0].Text != "hello" || genReq.Contents[1].Parts[0].Text != "how are you?" {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected contents: %#v", genReq.Contents)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestAnthropicEmptyMessagesFiltered 验证 Anthropic 协议中包含空字符串或纯空白的消息自动跳过
+func TestAnthropicEmptyMessagesFiltered(t *testing.T) {
+	req := anthropicRequest{
+		Model: "gemini-3.8-flash",
+		Messages: []anthropicMessage{
+			{Role: "user", Content: json.RawMessage(`"hello"`)},
+			{Role: "assistant", Content: json.RawMessage(`""`)},
+			{Role: "assistant", Content: json.RawMessage(`"   "`)},
+			{Role: "user", Content: json.RawMessage(`"world"`)},
+		},
+	}
+	genReq, err := req.toGenerateRequest("test-id")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("toGenerateRequest failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(genReq.Contents) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 2 valid contents, got %d: %#v", len(genReq.Contents), genReq.Contents)
+	}
+	if genReq.Contents[0].Parts[0].Text != "hello" || genReq.Contents[1].Parts[0].Text != "world" {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected contents: %#v", genReq.Contents)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestOpenAIToolMessageNameInference 验证 tool 消息缺少 name 时自动关联前置工具调用名称
+func TestOpenAIToolMessageNameInference(t *testing.T) {
+	req := chatRequest{
+		Model: "gemini-3.8-flash",
+		Messages: []chatMessage{
+			{
+				Role: "assistant",
+				ToolCalls: []openAIToolCall{
+					{
+						ID:   "call_abc_1",
+						Type: "function",
+						Function: struct {
+							Name      string `json:"name"`
+							Arguments string `json:"arguments"`
+						}{
+							Name:      "query_image_presets",
+							Arguments: `{"category":"preset"}`,
+						},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			{
+				Role:       "tool",
+				ToolCallID: "call_mismatched_xyz",
+				Content:    json.RawMessage(`"ok"`),
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	genReq, err := req.toGenerateRequest("test-id")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("toGenerateRequest failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(genReq.Contents) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 2 contents, got %d", len(genReq.Contents))
+	}
+	toolPart := genReq.Contents[1].Parts[0]
+	if toolPart.FunctionResult == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected FunctionResult part")
+	}
+	if toolPart.FunctionResult.Name != "query_image_presets" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected inferred name 'query_image_presets', got %q", toolPart.FunctionResult.Name)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/api/openai.go b/internal/api/openai.go
index 957e18a3..c6d6dbae 100644
--- a/internal/api/openai.go
+++ b/internal/api/openai.go
@@ -156,6 +156,8 @@ func (s *server) handleChatCompletions(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 func (request chatRequest) toGenerateRequest(id string) (aistudio.GenerateRequest, error) {
 	var system []string
 	contents := make([]aistudio.Content, 0, len(request.Messages))
+	toolCallMap := make(map[string]string)
+	var lastToolNames []string
 	for _, message := range request.Messages {
 		if message.Role == "system" || message.Role == "developer" {
 			text, err := openAITextContent(message.Content)
@@ -167,10 +169,31 @@ func (request chatRequest) toGenerateRequest(id string) (aistudio.GenerateReques
 			}
 			continue
 		}
+		if message.Role == "assistant" && len(message.ToolCalls) > 0 {
+			lastToolNames = nil
+			for _, call := range message.ToolCalls {
+				if call.Function.Name != "" {
+					lastToolNames = append(lastToolNames, call.Function.Name)
+					if call.ID != "" {
+						toolCallMap[call.ID] = call.Function.Name
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if (message.Role == "tool" || message.Role == "function") && message.Name == "" {
+			if name, ok := toolCallMap[message.ToolCallID]; ok && name != "" {
+				message.Name = name
+			} else if len(lastToolNames) == 1 {
+				message.Name = lastToolNames[0]
+			}
+		}
 		content, err := chatMessageContent(message)
 		if err != nil {
 			return aistudio.GenerateRequest{}, err
 		}
+		if len(content.Parts) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
 		contents = append(contents, content)
 	}
 	tools, err := mapOpenAITools(request.Tools, request.ToolChoice)
@@ -301,7 +324,7 @@ func openAIContentParts(raw json.RawMessage) ([]aistudio.Part, error) {
 	}
 	var text string
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &text); err == nil {
-		if text == "" {
+		if strings.TrimSpace(text) == "" {
 			return nil, nil
 		}
 		return []aistudio.Part{{Text: text}}, nil
@@ -343,6 +366,9 @@ func openAIContentPart(raw json.RawMessage) (aistudio.Part, error) {
 	}
 	switch block.Type {
 	case "text", "input_text", "output_text":
+		if strings.TrimSpace(block.Text) == "" {
+			return aistudio.Part{}, nil
+		}
 		return aistudio.Part{Text: block.Text}, nil
 	case "image_url", "input_image":
 		url, err := imageURLString(block.ImageURL)