diff --git a/src/AST.hpp b/src/AST.hpp
index 85090621..b354b6e6 100644
--- a/src/AST.hpp
+++ b/src/AST.hpp
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ enum ASTType {
 	AST_TextDelimiters,
 	NUM_ASTTypes
 };
-const char* ASTType_str[NUM_ASTTypes] = {};
+thread_local const char* ASTType_str[NUM_ASTTypes] = {};
 
 struct ASTHelper;
 struct ASTNode {
@@ -106,10 +106,10 @@ struct ASTNode {
 	{}
 };
 
-bool parse_ast = false;
-ASTNode ast;
-ASTNode* cur_ast = *
-ASTHelper* cur_ast_help = nullptr;
+thread_local bool parse_ast = false;
+thread_local ASTNode ast;
+thread_local ASTNode* cur_ast = *
+thread_local ASTHelper* cur_ast_help = nullptr;
 
 const UChar* xml_encode(const UChar* b, const UChar* e) {
 	static thread_local CG3::UString buf;
diff --git a/src/Cohort.cpp b/src/Cohort.cpp
index 93567de9..b515dc6c 100644
--- a/src/Cohort.cpp
+++ b/src/Cohort.cpp
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 
 namespace CG3 {
 
-extern pool<Cohort> pool_cohorts;
+extern thread_local pool<Cohort> pool_cohorts;
 
 Cohort* alloc_cohort(SingleWindow* p) {
 	Cohort* c = pool_cohorts.get();
diff --git a/src/GrammarApplicator.cpp b/src/GrammarApplicator.cpp
index f3d309c0..1cc8130b 100644
--- a/src/GrammarApplicator.cpp
+++ b/src/GrammarApplicator.cpp
@@ -32,9 +32,9 @@
 namespace CG3 {
 
 // Order is important - we want SingleWindows to be destroyed first, then Cohorts, then Readings
-pool<Reading> pool_readings;
-pool<Cohort> pool_cohorts;
-pool<SingleWindow> pool_swindows;
+thread_local pool<Reading> pool_readings;
+thread_local pool<Cohort> pool_cohorts;
+thread_local pool<SingleWindow> pool_swindows;
 
 GrammarApplicator::GrammarApplicator(std::ostream& ux_err)
   : ux_stderr(&ux_err)
diff --git a/src/GrammarApplicator.hpp b/src/GrammarApplicator.hpp
index 9203443c..f6a66af8 100644
--- a/src/GrammarApplicator.hpp
+++ b/src/GrammarApplicator.hpp
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ class GrammarApplicator {
 	Reading* get_sub_reading(Reading* tr, int sub_reading);
 
 	void printDebugRule(const Rule& rule, bool target = true, bool cntx = true) {
-		static std::stringstream buf;
+		thread_local static std::stringstream buf;
 
 		bool ttrace = false;
 		swapper<bool> _st(true, trace, ttrace);
diff --git a/src/Reading.cpp b/src/Reading.cpp
index b0946d6d..a0dad372 100644
--- a/src/Reading.cpp
+++ b/src/Reading.cpp
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 
 namespace CG3 {
 
-extern pool<Reading> pool_readings;
+extern thread_local pool<Reading> pool_readings;
 
 Reading* alloc_reading(Cohort* p) {
 	Reading* r = pool_readings.get();
diff --git a/src/SingleWindow.cpp b/src/SingleWindow.cpp
index f709c631..1df3839a 100644
--- a/src/SingleWindow.cpp
+++ b/src/SingleWindow.cpp
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 
 namespace CG3 {
 
-extern pool<SingleWindow> pool_swindows;
+extern thread_local pool<SingleWindow> pool_swindows;
 
 SingleWindow* alloc_swindow(Window* p) {
 	SingleWindow* s = pool_swindows.get();
diff --git a/src/cg3.h b/src/cg3.h
index 6c2145b2..fff90140 100644
--- a/src/cg3.h
+++ b/src/cg3.h
@@ -113,10 +113,12 @@ Valid signatures:
 //*/
 void cg3_applicator_setoption(cg3_applicator* applicator, cg3_option option, void* value);
 void cg3_applicator_free(cg3_applicator* applicator);
+void cg3_applicator_free_binary(cg3_applicator* applicator);
 
 void cg3_run_grammar_on_text(cg3_applicator*, std_istream*, std_ostream*);
 void cg3_run_grammar_on_text_fns(cg3_applicator*, const char* input, const char* output);
 size_t cg3_run_grammar_on_buffer(cg3_applicator* applicator_, const char* input, size_t in_length, char* output, size_t out_length);
+size_t cg3_run_grammar_on_buffer_binary(cg3_applicator* applicator_, const char* input, size_t in_length, char* output, size_t out_length);
 
 cg3_mwesplitapplicator* cg3_mwesplitapplicator_create();
 #define cg3_mwesplitapplicator_free cg3_applicator_free
diff --git a/src/flat_unordered_map.hpp b/src/flat_unordered_map.hpp
index 65d130cc..f4ef3133 100644
--- a/src/flat_unordered_map.hpp
+++ b/src/flat_unordered_map.hpp
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ class flat_unordered_map {
 			return;
 		}
 
-		static container vals;
+		thread_local static container vals;
 		vals.resize(0);
 		vals.reserve(size_);
 		for (auto& elem : elements) {
diff --git a/src/libcg3.cpp b/src/libcg3.cpp
index d4f85e3b..9efabb67 100644
--- a/src/libcg3.cpp
+++ b/src/libcg3.cpp
@@ -283,6 +283,11 @@ void cg3_applicator_free(cg3_applicator* applicator_) {
 	delete applicator;
 }
 
+void cg3_applicator_free_binary(cg3_applicator* applicator_) {
+	GrammarApplicator* applicator = static_cast<BinaryApplicator*>(applicator_);
+	delete applicator;
+}
+
 void cg3_run_grammar_on_text(cg3_applicator* applicator_, std_istream* is_, std_ostream* os_) {
 	GrammarApplicator* applicator = static_cast<GrammarApplicator*>(applicator_);
 	std::istream* is = static_cast<std::istream*>(is_);
@@ -312,6 +317,21 @@ size_t cg3_run_grammar_on_buffer(cg3_applicator* applicator_, const char* input,
 	return mx;
 }
 
+size_t cg3_run_grammar_on_buffer_binary(cg3_applicator* applicator_, const char* input, size_t in_length, char* output, size_t out_length) {
+	BinaryApplicator* applicator = static_cast<BinaryApplicator*>(applicator_);
+	std::string istr(input, in_length);
+	std::istringstream is(istr);
+	std::ostringstream os;
+	applicator->runGrammarOnText(is, os);
+	// Ideally we would write directly to output without copying,
+	// but I couldn't figure out how to do that, and this is good
+	// enough for my purposes. -DGS 2026-02-16
+	const auto& ostr = os.str();
+	auto mx = (ostr.size() > out_length ? out_length : ostr.size());
+	memcpy(output, ostr.data(), mx);
+	return mx;
+}
+
 cg3_sentence* cg3_sentence_new(cg3_applicator* applicator_) {
 	GrammarApplicator* applicator = static_cast<GrammarApplicator*>(applicator_);
 	SingleWindow* current = applicator->gWindow->allocSingleWindow();