L9-L14: apply Tier 1 (mechanical) adversarial review fixes

All ship-blocker rendering and factual bugs flagged by the 2nd
adversarial review pass. None of these are judgment calls; they are
mechanical corrections that prevent broken HTML/LaTeX output or
remove factual contradictions.

L9 Earth & Venus:
  - Replace undefined `\venus` math macro at line 527 with
    `\mathrm{Venus}` (would have caused MathJax error in HTML and
    likely broken XeLaTeX compilation)
  - Replace `{\bf Venus}` and `{\bf Earth}` LaTeX syntax in figure
    captions at lines 23 and 286 with the MyST-native `**Venus**`
    and `**Earth**` form (LaTeX `{\bf}` does not render in MyST)

L11 Gas & Ice Giants:
  - Fix Saturn-vs-Neptune wind-speed contradiction at line 314.
    Previously claimed Saturn's equatorial jet "is the fastest in the
    solar system" at ~400 m/s, contradicting lines 669 and 782 which
    correctly say Neptune's ~580 m/s retrograde flow is the fastest.
    Reworded to "one of the fastest" with a forward reference to the
    Neptune section in Part 2.
  - Fix `Bolton2017` misattribution at line 78. Bolton 2017 is the
    Juno first-results paper; the 1995 Galileo probe entry-site
    composition result is from Niemann et al. 1998 JGR. Added
    Niemann1998 to references.bib and updated the citation. Also
    tightened the prose to "Galileo probe mass spectrometer
    measurements" to match the source paper title.
  - Drop a stray escaped apostrophe `Saturn\'s` at line 317 (rendered
    literally; should be `Saturn's`)

L12 Small Bodies:
  - Drop the broken L13 forward reference at line 1197. L12 previously
    promised that interstellar visitors would be "the link between the
    small-body science of this lecture and the exoplanet content of
    L13 and L14", but neither L13 nor L14 actually contain ISO content.
    Reworded to "the conceptual link... a complement to the
    remote-sensing approaches developed in L13" which is true.

L13 Exoplanets:
  - Global chemistry style pass: 84 bare-subscript chemical formulae
    converted to the project-mandated `\mathrm{}` form. L9 has 88
    `\mathrm{}` wrappings and L5 has 45; L13 had zero, in violation
    of the documented project convention. Examples: `H$_2$O` ->
    `$\mathrm{H_2O}$`, `CO$_2$` -> `$\mathrm{CO_2}$`, `H$_2$/He` ->
    `$\mathrm{H_2}$/He`, `H$_2$-rich` -> `$\mathrm{H_2}$-rich`,
    `(H$_2$, N$_2$,` -> `($\mathrm{H_2}$, $\mathrm{N_2}$,` etc.
    Affects ~50 distinct prose locations across Parts 1-3.

L14 Synthesis:
  - Fix LaTeX-escape rendering bugs at 6 locations. `e.g.\ ` and
    `et al.\ ` (LaTeX spacing) would render literally in MyST as
    "e.g.\ " and "et al.\ " with the visible backslash. Replaced
    with regular space. Also fixed `Wolf \& Toon 2014` and
    `Ment\&Charbonneau23` which would render the backslash literally
    or break entity escaping; replaced with plain `&`.

References inventory after this batch: 384 unique BibTeX keys (was
383, +Niemann1998). All 350 unique citations across L9-L14 still
resolve cleanly. All 222 figure references still resolve to on-disk
files. Zero em-dashes anywhere in L9-L14 prose.

Tier 1 of the priority plan is now complete. Tier 2 (substantive
equation-density additions, L10 Olympus Mons height, L10 L4
cross-reference fix, L12 Bizzarro/Connelly/Johansen attribution)
deferred to a separate batched pass after Tim's input.

Author: timlichtenberg

book/09_earth_venus/earth_venus.md

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ The blackboard derivation in the middle introduces the Simpson-Nakajima runaway
 :width: 60%
 :align: center
 
-Schematic accretion histories of {\bf Venus} (top), {\bf Earth} (middle), and Mars (bottom) during the first $\sim$110 Myr of the Solar System.
+Schematic accretion histories of **Venus** (top), **Earth** (middle), and Mars (bottom) during the first $\sim$110 Myr of the Solar System.
 Each panel sketches the buildup from undifferentiated planetesimals through differentiated planetary embryos to the final magma-ocean stage.
 Volatile species ($\mathrm{H_2O}$, $\mathrm{CO_2}$, noble gases) outgas from the interior to form a primary steam-rich atmosphere; their fate during the cooling of the magma ocean determines the long-term volatile inventory of each planet.
 Reproduced from {cite:t}`Lammer2018`.
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ This is the most direct, observation-based argument that Venus does not have pla
 :width: 75%
 :align: center
 
-Global topographic maps of {\bf Earth} (top), {\bf Venus} (middle, from Magellan radar altimetry), and the gravity-derived geoid of Venus (bottom), all displayed at the same horizontal resolution and on the same colour scale.
+Global topographic maps of **Earth** (top), **Venus** (middle, from Magellan radar altimetry), and the gravity-derived geoid of Venus (bottom), all displayed at the same horizontal resolution and on the same colour scale.
 Earth's bimodal pattern (deep ocean basins vs. continents) is conspicuously absent on Venus, which shows broad volcanic plains, scattered highlands, and a narrow elevation range.
 Reproduced from {cite:t}`Smrekar2018`.
 ```
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ F_{\mathrm{abs}}^{\oplus} = \frac{S_\odot}{4}\, (1 - A) \approx 240\, \mathrm{W/
 $$
 
 Earth is comfortably below the runaway greenhouse limit, by about $40$--$70$ W/m$^2$.
-At the orbit of Venus, the same calculation gives $F_{\mathrm{abs}}^{\venus} \approx 460$ W/m$^2$ (assuming an Earth-like albedo, which is wrong for present Venus but is the relevant comparison for an early ocean-bearing Venus), well above the limit.
+At the orbit of Venus, the same calculation gives $F_{\mathrm{abs}}^{\mathrm{Venus}} \approx 460$ W/m$^2$ (assuming an Earth-like albedo, which is wrong for present Venus but is the relevant comparison for an early ocean-bearing Venus), well above the limit.
 Setting $F_{\mathrm{abs}} = F_{\mathrm{OLR}}^{\max}$ and solving for the orbital distance gives the **inner edge of the classical habitable zone** at roughly $0.95$--$0.99$ AU for present-day solar luminosity {cite:p}`Kasting1993,Kopparapu2013,Goldblatt2013`.
 Venus, at $0.72$ AU, sits well inside the inner edge.
 

book/11_gas_ice_giants/gas_ice_giants.md

@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ The example illustrates how a single mission's gravity science can rewrite the t
 
 Jupiter's visible atmosphere is the cloud-bearing layer at pressures between approximately 0.1 and 10 bar.
 As discussed in {ref}`lecture06`, the composition of the cloud layers is set by the condensation curves of the most abundant volatile species: ammonia ice ($\mathrm{NH_3}$) condenses near the 0.5--1 bar level to form the highest cloud deck, ammonium hydrosulphide ($\mathrm{NH_4SH}$) condenses near 2--3 bar, and water ice and water cloud occur deepest at $\sim 5\text{--}7$ bar.
-Galileo probe measurements during its 1995 atmospheric entry confirmed the layered structure but found the entry site unusually dry, a reminder that local meteorology can deviate strongly from horizontally averaged models {cite:p}`Bolton2017`.
+Galileo probe mass spectrometer measurements during its 1995 atmospheric entry confirmed the layered structure but found the entry site unusually dry, a reminder that local meteorology can deviate strongly from horizontally averaged models {cite:p}`Niemann1998`.
 
 ```{figure} figures/jupiter_grs_juno.avif
 :name: fig:jupiter_grs
@@ -311,10 +311,10 @@ Saturn's hexagonal polar jet imaged by Cassini. The hexagon, centred at about $7
 The most distinctive feature of Saturn's atmosphere is the **hexagonal jet stream** at $\sim 78^\circ$ N latitude, a six-sided standing wave that has been present continuously since Voyager observed it in 1981 and was mapped in detail by Cassini through its 13-year tour.
 The hexagon is interpreted as a Rossby wave locked to a strong eastward zonal jet whose meridional shear sets the wavenumber of the standing pattern; laboratory experiments with rotating-tank flows can reproduce stable polygonal jet patterns in similar conditions, although the exact physical mechanism that selects six rather than five or seven sides is not yet definitively understood.
 
-Saturn's equatorial jet is the fastest in the solar system, with peak speeds reaching $\sim$400 m s$^{-1}$, more than double the equivalent on Jupiter.
+Saturn's equatorial jet is one of the fastest in the solar system, with peak speeds reaching $\sim$400 m s$^{-1}$, more than double the equivalent on Jupiter, though it is itself surpassed by Neptune's $\sim$580 m s$^{-1}$ retrograde equatorial flow (see Part 2).
 The "Great White Storms" are massive convective outbursts that erupt every $\sim$30 years (one Saturnian year), span thousands of kilometres, and circle the planet within a few months before dissipating.
 The most recent, in 2010--2011, was studied in detail by Cassini and produced unique constraints on the moist convection of water vapour at depth.
-Saturn\'s modest $26.7^\circ$ axial tilt also imposes strong seasonal forcing, and the planet's high northern latitudes have brightened markedly over the Cassini mission as they emerged from polar winter.
+Saturn's modest $26.7^\circ$ axial tilt also imposes strong seasonal forcing, and the planet's high northern latitudes have brightened markedly over the Cassini mission as they emerged from polar winter.
 
 ### Saturn's rings: structure and composition
 

book/12_small_bodies/small_bodies.md

@@ -1194,7 +1194,7 @@ And LSST/Rubin will increase the discovery rate of NEAs, KBOs, and ISOs by an or
 The new and most unexpected category is **interstellar visitors**.
 Three confirmed objects in eight years (1I/'Oumuamua, 2I/Borisov, 3I/ATLAS) means that small bodies from other planetary systems are passing through ours all the time.
 Each one is a single sample from the formation chemistry of an exoplanetary system, and the next decade will turn the trickle into a flood as Rubin and Comet Interceptor come online.
-Interstellar visitors are the link between the small-body science of this lecture and the exoplanet content of {ref}`lecture13` and {ref}`lecture14`: they are the first physical samples of other planetary systems that we have ever held in our hands, or will hold in our hands in the foreseeable future.
+Interstellar visitors are the conceptual link between the small-body science of this lecture and the exoplanet science we turn to next: they are the first physical samples of other planetary systems that we will ever directly observe in our own solar neighbourhood, providing a complement to the remote-sensing approaches developed in {ref}`lecture13`.
 
 
 ## References