diff --git a/pkg/connector/client/helpers.go b/pkg/connector/client/helpers.go
index 23d0b4db..2f305e88 100644
--- a/pkg/connector/client/helpers.go
+++ b/pkg/connector/client/helpers.go
@@ -7,14 +7,22 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"strings"
+	"time"
 
+	v2 "github.com/conductorone/baton-sdk/pb/c1/connector/v2"
+	"github.com/conductorone/baton-sdk/pkg/annotations"
 	"github.com/conductorone/baton-sdk/pkg/uhttp"
 	"github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-middleware/logging/zap/ctxzap"
 	"github.com/slack-go/slack"
 	"go.uber.org/zap"
 	"google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/timestamppb"
 )
 
+// defaultRateLimitRetryAfter is used when Slack returns a rate limit error
+// without a Retry-After header (e.g. ok:false with "ratelimited" on HTTP 200).
+const defaultRateLimitRetryAfter = 30 * time.Second
+
 func logBody(ctx context.Context, response *http.Response) {
 	l := ctxzap.Extract(ctx)
 
@@ -38,7 +46,9 @@ func logBody(ctx context.Context, response *http.Response) {
 }
 
 // Inspects the error returned by the slack-go library and maps it to appropriate gRPC codes.
-func WrapError(err error, contextMsg string) error {
+// If annos is non-nil, rate limit information will be appended to it so the caller can
+// include it in SyncOpResults.
+func WrapError(err error, contextMsg string, annos *annotations.Annotations) error {
 	if err == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -46,6 +56,9 @@ func WrapError(err error, contextMsg string) error {
 	// for rate limit errors
 	var slackLibrateLimitErr *slack.RateLimitedError
 	if errors.As(err, &slackLibrateLimitErr) {
+		if annos != nil {
+			annos.WithRateLimiting(rateLimitDescription(slackLibrateLimitErr.RetryAfter))
+		}
 		return uhttp.WrapErrors(codes.Unavailable, contextMsg, err)
 	}
 
@@ -67,6 +80,11 @@ func WrapError(err error, contextMsg string) error {
 		if len(slackErrResp.ResponseMetadata.Warnings) > 0 {
 			contextMsg = fmt.Sprintf("%s (warnings: %v)", contextMsg, slackErrResp.ResponseMetadata.Warnings)
 		}
+		// Slack can return ok:false with "ratelimited" on HTTP 200. There's no
+		// Retry-After header in this case, so use a default backoff.
+		if grpcCode == codes.Unavailable && annos != nil {
+			annos.WithRateLimiting(rateLimitDescription(defaultRateLimitRetryAfter))
+		}
 		return uhttp.WrapErrors(grpcCode, contextMsg, err)
 	}
 
@@ -162,6 +180,14 @@ func MapSlackErrorToGRPCCode(slackError string) codes.Code {
 	return codes.Unknown
 }
 
+func rateLimitDescription(retryAfter time.Duration) *v2.RateLimitDescription {
+	return &v2.RateLimitDescription{
+		Status:    v2.RateLimitDescription_STATUS_OVERLIMIT,
+		Remaining: 0,
+		ResetAt:   timestamppb.New(time.Now().Add(retryAfter)),
+	}
+}
+
 // Slack API may return errors in the response body even when the HTTP status code is 200.
 //
 //	examples:
diff --git a/pkg/connector/connector.go b/pkg/connector/connector.go
index 379f2113..be069309 100644
--- a/pkg/connector/connector.go
+++ b/pkg/connector/connector.go
@@ -72,12 +72,12 @@ func (c *Slack) Metadata(ctx context.Context) (*v2.ConnectorMetadata, error) {
 func (s *Slack) Validate(ctx context.Context) (annotations.Annotations, error) {
 	res, err := s.client.AuthTestContext(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, client.WrapError(err, "authenticating")
+		return nil, client.WrapError(err, "authenticating", nil)
 	}
 
 	user, err := s.client.GetUserInfoContext(ctx, res.UserID)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, client.WrapError(err, "retrieving authenticated user")
+		return nil, client.WrapError(err, "retrieving authenticated user", nil)
 	}
 
 	isValidUser := user.IsAdmin || user.IsOwner || user.IsPrimaryOwner || user.IsBot
diff --git a/pkg/connector/user.go b/pkg/connector/user.go
index 61cb9dcf..b292fad1 100644
--- a/pkg/connector/user.go
+++ b/pkg/connector/user.go
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ func (o *userResourceType) scimUserResource(ctx context.Context, scimUser client
 	// NOTE: this is mainly to maintain compatibility with existing profile in non scim flow.
 	slackUser, err := o.client.GetUserInfoContext(ctx, scimUser.ID)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, client.WrapError(err, fmt.Sprintf("fetching user info for SCIM user %s", scimUser.ID))
+		return nil, client.WrapError(err, fmt.Sprintf("fetching user info for SCIM user %s", scimUser.ID), nil)
 	}
 
 	profile := make(map[string]interface{})
@@ -204,10 +204,11 @@ func (o *userResourceType) listStandardAPI(
 	*resource.SyncOpResults,
 	error,
 ) {
+	var annos annotations.Annotations
 	options := slack.GetUsersOptionTeamID(parentResourceID.Resource)
 	users, err := o.client.GetUsersContext(ctx, options)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, client.WrapError(err, "error fetching users using standard API")
+		return nil, &resource.SyncOpResults{Annotations: annos}, client.WrapError(err, "error fetching users using standard API", &annos)
 	}
 
 	rv := make([]*v2.Resource, 0, len(users))
@@ -218,7 +219,7 @@ func (o *userResourceType) listStandardAPI(
 		}
 		rv = append(rv, resource)
 	}
-	return rv, &resource.SyncOpResults{}, nil
+	return rv, &resource.SyncOpResults{Annotations: annos}, nil
 }
 
 func (o *userResourceType) listScimAPI(ctx context.Context, parentResourceID *v2.ResourceId, attrs resource.SyncOpAttrs) ([]*v2.Resource, *resource.SyncOpResults, error) {
diff --git a/pkg/connector/user_group.go b/pkg/connector/user_group.go
index 39afa99b..04066c31 100644
--- a/pkg/connector/user_group.go
+++ b/pkg/connector/user_group.go
@@ -75,10 +75,10 @@ func (o *userGroupResourceType) List(
 		userGroups []slack.UserGroup
 		err        error
 	)
-	outputAnnotations := annotations.New()
+	var outputAnnotations annotations.Annotations
 	userGroups, err = o.client.GetUserGroupsContext(ctx, slack.GetUserGroupsOptionWithTeamID(parentResourceID.Resource))
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, &resource.SyncOpResults{}, client.WrapError(err, fmt.Sprintf("fetching user groups for team %s", parentResourceID.Resource))
+		return nil, &resource.SyncOpResults{Annotations: outputAnnotations}, client.WrapError(err, fmt.Sprintf("fetching user groups for team %s", parentResourceID.Resource), &outputAnnotations)
 	}
 
 	rv := make([]*v2.Resource, 0, len(userGroups))
@@ -135,16 +135,17 @@ func (o *userGroupResourceType) Grants(
 	*resource.SyncOpResults,
 	error,
 ) {
+	var outputAnnotations annotations.Annotations
 	groupMembers, err := o.client.GetUserGroupMembersContext(ctx, res.Id.Resource)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, &resource.SyncOpResults{}, client.WrapError(err, fmt.Sprintf("fetching user group members for group %s", res.Id.Resource))
+		return nil, &resource.SyncOpResults{Annotations: outputAnnotations}, client.WrapError(err, fmt.Sprintf("fetching user group members for group %s", res.Id.Resource), &outputAnnotations)
 	}
 
 	var rv []*v2.Grant
 	for _, member := range groupMembers {
 		user, err := o.client.GetUserInfoContext(ctx, member)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, &resource.SyncOpResults{}, client.WrapError(err, fmt.Sprintf("fetching user info for member %s", member))
+			return nil, &resource.SyncOpResults{Annotations: outputAnnotations}, client.WrapError(err, fmt.Sprintf("fetching user info for member %s", member), &outputAnnotations)
 		}
 		ur, err := userResource(ctx, user, res.Id)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -155,5 +156,5 @@ func (o *userGroupResourceType) Grants(
 		rv = append(rv, grant)
 	}
 
-	return rv, &resource.SyncOpResults{}, nil
+	return rv, &resource.SyncOpResults{Annotations: outputAnnotations}, nil
 }
diff --git a/pkg/connector/workspace.go b/pkg/connector/workspace.go
index 952d5199..8e0e8fe4 100644
--- a/pkg/connector/workspace.go
+++ b/pkg/connector/workspace.go
@@ -78,10 +78,11 @@ func (o *workspaceResourceType) List(
 		workspaces []slack.Team
 		nextCursor string
 	)
+	var annos annotations.Annotations
 	params := slack.ListTeamsParameters{Cursor: bag.PageToken()}
 	workspaces, nextCursor, err = o.client.ListTeamsContext(ctx, params)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, client.WrapError(err, "error listing teams")
+		return nil, &resources.SyncOpResults{Annotations: annos}, client.WrapError(err, "error listing teams", &annos)
 	}
 
 	err = client.SetWorkspaceNames(ctx, attrs.Session, workspaces)
@@ -104,6 +105,7 @@ func (o *workspaceResourceType) List(
 	}
 	return rv, &resources.SyncOpResults{
 		NextPageToken: pageToken,
+		Annotations:   annos,
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -149,7 +151,7 @@ func (o *workspaceResourceType) Grants(
 		// Use business+ client with proper SDK pagination and team_id filtering.
 		bag, err := pkg.ParsePageToken(attrs.PageToken.Token, &v2.ResourceId{ResourceType: resourceTypeUser.Id})
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, client.WrapError(err, "parsing page token")
+			return nil, nil, client.WrapError(err, "parsing page token", nil)
 		}
 
 		outputAnnotations = annotations.New()
@@ -160,12 +162,12 @@ func (o *workspaceResourceType) Grants(
 		)
 		outputAnnotations.WithRateLimiting(ratelimitData)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, &resources.SyncOpResults{Annotations: outputAnnotations}, client.WrapError(err, "fetching users for workspace")
+			return nil, &resources.SyncOpResults{Annotations: outputAnnotations}, client.WrapError(err, "fetching users for workspace", nil)
 		}
 
 		pt, err := bag.NextToken(nextCursor)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, client.WrapError(err, "creating next page token")
+			return nil, nil, client.WrapError(err, "creating next page token", nil)
 		}
 		pageToken = pt
 		users = bpUsers
@@ -177,7 +179,7 @@ func (o *workspaceResourceType) Grants(
 			slack.GetUsersOptionTeamID(resource.Id.Resource),
 		)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, client.WrapError(err, "fetching users for workspace")
+			return nil, &resources.SyncOpResults{Annotations: outputAnnotations}, client.WrapError(err, "fetching users for workspace", &outputAnnotations)
 		}
 		for _, u := range slackUsers {
 			users = append(users, client.User{